Marketing And Branding For Online T Shirt Companies

Marketing And Branding For Online T Shirt Companies The current study is aimed to predict the Marketing plan and the Branding through a mix of marketing products for my Online T- shirt Company based in India for the next 2 years. Therefore the current study has been focused to deliver the appropriate marketing plan supported by effective brand positioning related to market the T- Shirts via internet and how will the techniques attract the customers. Thus the T- shirts of the Online selling firm are being separated from the various other marketing policies and brands through this approach. The appropriate recommendations for effective branding which in turn carry out marketing for my company is as below: Analyzing the product and assessing the positive aspects of the product. Preparing the appropriate marketing plan suitable for my firm Branding the product on the basis of the unique quality through repositioning. Regain the edge and strengthening the brand values through marketing plans. Suggesting the future marketing capacity and the opportunity for the firm Adoption of suitable branding strategies such as branding by planning, branding imageries, branding experience and the branding by self expression. SITUATIONAL ANALYSIS: The situation analysis of my firm Online T shirt company has been commenced to study the needs and requirements of the target consumers for better satisfaction and thus for improving the business it is necessary for my business to concentrate more on the clients and an effective study about the internal circumstances as well as the external opportunities, current trends of the market place, and the assessment of the capability of my firm Online T shirt company. Hence for this, I decided to carry out the situational analysis as the main aim through which the 5 Cs of my firm can be evaluated. The 5 C s is the major aspects that are related with the firm that will help me to take better marketing verdicts and strategies. The basic ideology in carrying out the situational analysis is to study the macro economical, micro economical and the internal aspects of my firm. The basic 5 Cs are the common factors related with the firms such as company, consumers, challengers, and collaborators and finally the climate. The following are the major aspects of the situational analysis I want to relate with my firm Online T Shirt Company. Company: For my Company, Online T Shirt firm will include the following aspects under this category: The manufactured goods such as T Shirts. Reflection in the market place The expertise and familiarity Ethnicity and backgrounds of firm Ambitions and future targets Collaborators: These aspects are the major functional players of my firm such as: Dealers Affiliates Distributors Customers: The main aspects of my business are the target consumers and for the analyzing the situation, the following aspect have been selected: Size of the Market and its expansion Major segments of the Market place Outstanding profits that customer is aiming to search for both physical and indefinable profits Impulse behind procurement; significant drivers, profits vs. expenses Resolution maker or the administrative component of the firm Study about the current retail trend that includes the current trend followed by the consumer for real acquirement the merchandise. The sources of customer data resources about the SEO where the shoppers obtain information about the merchandise. Process of buying that is by desire or vigilant judgment Incidence of acquisition, seasonal features of the goods. Capability of purchase with certain quantity at a time Recognition of consumer needs, new trends and inclinations and expected change of trend over time Competitors: the next set of considerations for the analyzing the situations are the factors about the competitors of my company: Authentic or probable rivals Straight and indirect rivals Goods of rivals Place of positioning of goods Market shares Strong points and limitations of competitors Climate: The climate is the fifth C in analysis or macro-environmental factors related with my Online T Shirt Company are: The financial atmosphere such as business cycle, rate of inflation, rate of interests, and other macroeconomic concerns Authoritarian and the political background like policies provided by the government and policies that influence the souk Social and the cultural aspects such as fashion and trends of the society Technical backgrounds such as latest acquaintance that will allow probable innovative traditions of fulfilling the needs of the clients and the blow of expertise on the demand for accessible goods. SWOT Analysis: Thus for analyzing the about facts of my company Online T- shirt firm special strategic tool will be applicable. This tool availing the analysis of situation is termed as SWOT analysis. The following is the SWOT analysis of my Online T Shirt Company. (Kotler et al., 2006. Pp. 63) Strengths for my Online T Shirt Company: The products are of good quality and available in various shades The company has extended line of distribution and global commerce availability The delivery will be done appropriately and on timely basis Carry out the process with lower prices Lesser costs of other expenses and staff costs Weaknesses: As the online business is growing in extent and is available globally several weaknesses may arise and sometimes these are more compared to conventional commerce threats. The following are some of the anticipated weaknesses for my Online T -Shirt Company for next 2 years: Chance for no proper retention due to the availability of identical products No personal feel and checking of products may not be preferred The expenses of transport and manufacturing may rise from what has been quoted All the visitors may not make proper sales order Opportunities: The following are some of the anticipated opportunities for my Online T -Shirt Company for next 2 years: The rapid growth of online users due to appropriate web hosting processes. More availability of traffic and more effective sales of the company The online shopping is very opportunistic and most comfortable The improved security in transactions have increased the scope for online T Shirt commerce as well The company can still be able to provide the service in wide fledge and also in other accessories also that is extension is main opportunity Threats: For my Online T Shirt Company many ascertain various threats due to the high internet usage and some of these might be severe as well. The following are some of the threats to the company: Due to easy entry of various businesses may cause lot of competition and rivalry Lack of customer relationship management will further cause losses Duplication of the products and network security attacks MARKETING AND BRAND OBJECTIVES: Sales and Price Targets The sales and price targets is very important for my company as depending on this the future plan can be made. The target price will decide the sales target of the company. In general the EPS forecasts will be made to suggest the sales target and target prices. In my Company, the proposed sales target can be predicted as Rs. 35, 00, 000 per annum whose price target will fall around Rs. 30, 00, 000. Satisfaction levels and change in awareness The level of satisfaction is very important for any company. My Online T Shirt Company shall deliver the objectives such that the satisfaction is enhanced in consumers by providing the services through active comparison from other services both in prices, quality and efficiency, quality, flexibility, lesser operational prices, swift delivery, more revenue of sales, etc. And in turn the loyalty is built. Thus the awareness will be built in consumers regarding the process and product of online T Shirt Company. The process of uniqueness will develop positive attitude and behavior ultimately providing better opportunity for business. The branding and the sales objectives for the company are thus framed in order to improve the commerce of the company by keeping various aspects in notion such as Sales Price targets, satisfaction level of consumers, changes in customer awareness, attitude, behavior etc. all these will enumerate the effectiveness of branding and marketing in return the major objectives are: To develop viable branding process for my Online T Shirt company To assess the benefits, opportunities of company by delivering threats. To deliver appropriate banding strategies To predict the target price and sales target for next 2 years. To assess the marketing delivered through effective branding strategy MARKETING AND BRAND STRATEGY: For my Online T Shirt Company, the following are the appropriate marketing and branding strategies: Marketing Plan: For my online T Shirt Company the development of the appropriate marketing plan approach will be applicable as it mainly concentrates on the core objective of the business, includes various strategies, budget plan, target consumers, E commerce, pricing process, various risks involved and finally the marketing plan will help evaluate the effectiveness of the process. Hence these factors can be appraised as follows: Present Position Online T Shirt Company is a starting firm that will mainly deal the business through internet starting from selection of T shirts to put a deal and from tracking the consignment to delivering it. Hence my company also wants to improve the off line marketing policy to improve the significance of the company in the Indian market which improves the awareness of clients. Budget Plan As my company is dealt through online, the Budget plan include about 20% of total budget towards internet operation and about 10% to the telephone processing etc. the budget plan is perfect to implement and no necessary changes in the plan anticipated. Customers The target customers for my Online T Shirt Company are from genders male and female, all ages, and target client income shall be from high to middle class. As many of these client bases use the internet more traffic can be maintained. Pricing For my Online T Shirt Company, the pricing will be maintained very nominal so that the costs will be enormously low with eminent quality and lower time delivery from other competitors to draw clients from their base. Marketing Strategies The major strategy applicable for my Online T Shirt Company will be through online marketing and offline marketing that will improve the reputation of business and draw consumers. With the advent of the technology and change in the current trends various forms of marketing concepts can be employed in the marketing of the goods and services delivered by the organization in the unique way of approach. All the marketing techniques will however ultimately have the identical goals such as to acquire the large amount of clients and to withhold the clients and this is very important for my company in order to achieve the objective. The company may go for social networking as marketing base where the customers can explain the simplicity of process, product quality, lower costs and other benefits, mouth marketing, by providing special discounts, complimentary gifts, exclusion some type of taxes etc. Brand Plan The term branding for my Online T Shirt Company will be effectively deliver the motivation to the consumer and help retain through proper satisfaction. Thus the loyalty can be increased by highlighting the service opportunity, effective quality, emotional branding and unique t shirt designs, lower costs, identity as global presence etc. Branding strategy The brand strategy will be of various types such as brand planning, branding by imageries, branding by experience and the branding by self expression. In the case of my Online T -Shirt Company, the first and the last approach will be very advantageous though remaining strategies can also be applied. The first method is planning for branding where by proper research of market and demand for good and competence, the brand can be positioned. The self expression of branding will be built through satisfaction of consumers. ACTION PROGRAMME: The action plan of the company will be carried out by focusing on the 7 Ps of marketing mix in my company. The following are the main factors considered in the company in planning the strategy. 7 Ps: Pricing This type of marketing strategy is implemented to attract the consumers with minimum mark- up which may be lower from other outlets. My Online T Shirt Company may mark the goods with nominal prices with better discounts. Product The product strategy involves developing of novel products which may change according to the consumer current requirements. My online T Shirt Company shall be able to develop the products by keeping specific target clients in view with eminent colors and design aspects with current trends. Distribution My Online T Shirt companies have its own distribution channels and means which can be further improved with the growing expansion of the organization. The company will agree the process of delivery of the goods in harmony with local bodies for a timely liberation of the goods. Promotional My Online T Shirt Company generally follows the drastic promotional program with discounts and offers on various product range. A Google AdWords is the main source of promotions even for small and less branded firms to exercise the commerce equally with effective value. This mode of process will charge less money for advertising. Most of the people make use of Google for their main search option. Place The concept of the place strategy is very difficult to select in the conventional business compared to that of online business. For my Online T Shirt Company, the place of business is internet, where it can be operated from any place. But the main concern will depend to select the delivery place. Participants The participants are the people who are partaking in the business. The major participants of the commerce will vary based on various aspects such as gender, sizes, age, cultures, life styles, incomes etc. the major participants for the case of my Online T shirt company will be people both young and grown-ups and from kids to adults. The people also range with various sizes and genders etc. Process In my Online T Shirt Company, the process of service is to deliver the goods of sales through online interaction and online payment process. Physical evidence The physical evidence is essentially a form of guide and manual, leaflets that will guide the client to make the necessary operations such as keeping an order in the case of my Online T shirt company. PROJECTED PROFIT AND LOSS STATEMENTS: For the Online T Shirt Company to deliver the profit and loss statements it requires various aspects such as resolution of income, recognition of gains and revenues, recognition of loss and profits Revenues: Year 1 Year 2 Net Sales Rs. 30, 00, 000 Rs. 35, 00, 000 Interest Income Rs. 75, 000 Rs. 1, 00, 000 Gain on Sales of T Shirts Rs. 25, 00, 000 Rs. 30, 00, 000 Total Revenue Rs. 55, 75, 000 Rs. 66, 00, 000 Costs and Expenses: Costs of T shirts sold Rs. 30, 00, 000 Rs. 35, 00, 000 Selling expenses Rs. 7750 Rs 9000 General and Administrative expenses Rs. 4000 Rs. 5000 Internet expenses Rs. 5000 Rs. 6, 000 Telephone expenses Rs. 5000 Rs. 5500 Shipping expenses Rs. 10, 000 Rs. 12, 000 Delivery expenses Rs. 40, 000 Rs. 42, 000 Office supplies Rs. 4000 Rs. 5000 Insurance expenses Rs. 50, 000 Rs. 60, 000 Interest expenses Rs. 10, 000 Rs. 12, 000 Income taxes Rs. 5000 Rs. 6000 Total Costs and Expenses Rs. 31, 40, 750 Rs. 36, 62, 500 Net Income: Rs. 24, 34, 250 Rs. 29, 37, 500 CONTROL METHODS: The control methods are the basic requirements of any form of business organization as it will directly effect on the success of the firm. Various plans or strategies are followed in the firm in order to control the process. Annual Plan The annual plans are to deliver the flow of process, goals and objectives which my company wants to achieve at the end of the year. The long range vision is observed to be the key function that will provide with the annual plan of the firm. My Online T-shit company goals are to achieve the target sales of Rs. 35, 00, 000 for next 2 years. Profitability The profitability will be determined as the capability of the firm to deliver the anticipated total income constantly in all the years. My online t-shirt company anticipates a net income of Rs. 30, 00, 000 for the next 2 years. This can be calculated in terms of return of Investments or ROI. Where ROI = (Net profit Amount Invested) / (Amount Invested) Efficiency The efficiency is the most significant term where the achievement of or ability to carry out a job with a least expenses of time and effort: The assembly line increased industrys efficiency Strategic controls and Marketing Audits The audits are carried out internally in the firm so as to appraise the system of accounting. Â  As a management tool, the audit measures and evaluates the effectiveness of management controls. The Naval Audit Service provides an independent audit of programs, activities, systems, and procedures. CONCLUSION: Hence it can be concluded by carrying out study on marketing plan and branding on my Online T-shirt Company is that the effective branding and marketing will in turn carry out the marketing that will help the organization to make strategic positioning. The process of branding will improve with the selection of benefits that may catch the pulse of target consumers and generally the emotional benefits whereas the marketing is the strategic process which will help the organization to sketch the plan of action so as to achieve the goals and objectives of the company. Any marketing technique will focus mainly over the 7 Ps of the product or the service delivered by the company and to study the benefits of rivals and prepare for the plan to defy the responses of the rivals. This concept will also assist the company to determine the level of performance of his company and the rival company. For achieving the goals to generate more sales and brand position as eminent firm will necessities to make a plan of action which is carried out by marketing and brand strategies and early estimation of profits and losses along with the better control factors.

Islamic Ethics An Analysis

Islamic Ethics An Analysis This term paper was titled Ethics from Islamic Perspective which is including a morale and akhlaq. This paper was conducted because to give awareness about the important of ethics in Islamic perspective. Suitable with the papers aims whereas to give some of information and knowledge from an Islamic perspective about the ethics which is in moral and akhlaq aspect. The paper is sufficient to give the reader a feel for its potential to encourage further research in the area of resolving ethical issues, specifically for those who are calling for universal ethical theories to avoid moral imperialism. The Islamic perspective of the ethics concept should be refers based on the Holy Quran from the God and Ahadith of Prophet Muhammad. The ethics concept it must be generally and not too bias for others. The findings of this paper, it can be as a discussion, it is because the Islamic Work Ethics has economic as well as moral and akhlaq dimensions. Keyword: Islamic perspective, ethics, Islamic Work Ethics, moral and akhlaq INTRODUCTION This paper was discuss about the ethics concept from the Islamic perspective, so it should be construct an axiom system that faithfully reflects the Islamic view of ethics. The axiom system here is means by a proposition that either not proved or demonstrated but considered undeniable, or subject to a decision, so, the truth is assumed and became the starting point for concluded to the truth to another.This is an essential first step in determining the rules of economic behaviour in an Islamic society. The Islamic view of life processes is uniquenot only for its predominant emphasis on ethical norms, but also because of its being complete. However, to turn it into an operational tool of scientific analysis, an ethical philosophy must be reduced to a set of axioms, which is respect to Islamically valid rules of social and economic behaviour. 1.1 The Concept of Ethics, Moral and Akhlaq The concept of ethics, moral and akhlaq it can be in various point of view from many resources of our readings. Ethical behavior is an order based on a value system of a particular society. More ethics associated with science or philosophy, because it is the standard of good and bad it is human intellect. When compared with the morals, the ethics more theoretical while the moral is the practical. Moral more local or special nature and the ethical is more to general. There is many term that use by philosophers in order to give a meaning of akhlaq. But, we can conclude it, akhlaq is much related with the moral and ethics so much so have a opinion that stated akhlak is mean by moral and ethics. Put simply on that, Akhlaq is refers to the nature habits that owned on each individuals. It is includes behavior or nature owned by natural as feeling irritable, quick to laugh, irritability and so on. Also includes in this definition, a person belonging habits through training, education, discipline and fitness to be a flesh and blood character and good familiarity to someone. In addition, akhlaq is more refers to our natural habits. A while ago, in the western tradition, morals studies has long been exists and spread out before the birth of Islam and it known as ethics or moral knowledge. In aspect of etymology, the term of ethics and moral have a same meaning and also refers to the same field of study. In briefly, moral is derived from the Latin word, meanwhile the word ethics is derived from the Greek word. The both of term are related with the practical activities relating to behavior, customs, lifestyles, ways of thinking, freedom and the tendency of a person in engaging in an activity. On the other hand, the term of akhlaq was presented by the Muslim that based on the al-Quran and al-Sunah. On Islamic perspective, the ethics and moral was different from the point of conception, objectives and resources, it is called as Akhlaq. 1.2 Current related issues Ethics is usually defined by a written code of ethics. In the Middle East not many organizations and professions have written codes of ethics (Mudawanat Alsuluk) and violation is the norm rather than exception (AMAN, 2006). Behaviors that conform to those written codes of ethics are considered ethical and whatever violates the written standards is considered unethical. From that situation, it can be simply, people are not too concern about all this matter, when they talk about ethics, they usually do not remind about the moral and akhlaq. This is because, they are set their mind, the term of ethics just use in the business or information technology such as computer accessibility. As a Muslim, they should also think about that moral and akhlaq. In addition, the new code ethics was create, which is the Islamic Work Ethics (IWE). This philosophy was create to orientation that shapes and influences the involvement and participation of believers in the workplace. It implies that work is a virtue in light of a persons needs, and is a necessity for establishing equilibrium in ones individual and social life (Nasr, 1984). IWE views work as a means to further self-interest economically, socially and psychologically, to sustain social prestige, to advance societal welfare and reaffirm faith. The concept has its origin in the Quran and the sayings and practice of the Prophet Mohammed. METHODOLOGY In completing this term paper, the secondary literatures are used to enable in depth understanding of ethics from the Islamic perspective with the moral and akhlaq concept. The secondary resources which is from readings on a book and the web pages, so the major instrument that has been used is literature review. Based on the reading, this topic has many references in a Malay writing, but there is no problem on that, after read in Malay and understand the content, the term paper writing has been continued. By reviewing the literature, all the information will be paraphrased based on the understanding. The reference to literature review that has been used is article journal about the Islamic ethics that can be obtained from the online journal databases access. Another method applied for finishing this term paper is data collection from the web page and it is just for back up information if there any lack of data collection. Approach that had been used in completing this term paper is understands from the readings and reviewing from the materials obtained and understand it. DEFINITIONS AND CONCEPTS OF ETHICS FROM ISLAMIC PERSPECTIVE: MORAL AND AKHLAQ There are various definitions of ethics, moral and akhlaq. The various definitions are produced from various reading materials, such as book and article journal, so there is many opinions from the philosophers. Ethich from Islamic perspective are more concern to the religion behavior, code and ethics. Islam is supposed to be a complete way of life. A Muslim is bound by Islamic rules and hence is obliged to follow the instructions as prescribed in the Quran and Hadiths. Islam is a religion based upon the surrender to God (Allah). The very name of the religion, al-Islam in Arabic, means submission and peace, for it is in submitting to Gods will that human beings gain peace in their lives in this world and in the hereafter. Islam is considered to be a comprehensive religion and its ethical system is considered to be one of the major ethical systems. Realize about the importance of establishing an ethical system in the all fields, especially at our present time which is witnessing an ever increasing ethical problems, several specialist organizations have prepared codes of ethics to be complied with by members of those organizations. By generally, in Islam, ethics have two dimensions; first ethics toward Allah, the creator. A Muslim has to believe in Allah and has to worship Him. The second is ethics toward others; a Muslim business person has to deal ethically with others by maintaining good treatment and good relationship. This paper is of vital importance because people do not know sometimes what is ethical unless they study ethics. Ethics provide an essential foundation for business transactions (Cherrington and Cherrington, 1995, p. 1). They are essential for organizational effectiveness and are necessary for interpersonal relations. 3.1 Definition and Concept of Ethics Ethics is defined as a branch of philosophy that deals withmoral behavior. Morality refers to whether something is right or wrong, good or bad. Although morality is a complex concept, it can be defined in terms of both means and ends. Means is the process which occurs, while Ends refers to the consequences (Cherrington and Cherrington, 1995, p. 2). Ethics may also be defined as: [. . .] a systematic inquiry into the beliefs we have and the management we make about what is morally right or wrong and morally good or evil. It is an inquiry that attempts to answer the following questions: What kinds of conduct are morally right or wrong? And what things are good and what things are evil? (Cherrington and Cherrington, 1995, p. 2) Ethics is also defined as the code of moral principles that sets standards of good or bad, or right or wrong behavior (Schemerhorn, 2008, p. 32). Ethical behavior is what is accepted as good and right as opposed to bad or wrong in the context of the governing moral code. Islamic ethics is defined as the code of moral principles that are prescribed by the Quran and Sunnah (Hadith or sayings of Prophet Mohammad). Islamic ethics is based on rational methods as well as revelation. Revelation provides the truth which rational methods lead to understanding and appreciation of truth. Hence, Islamic ethics is based on tawheed, or unity principle, which determines the unique relationship between God and man; man and man; and man and his environment (Alhabshi, 1993, p. 83). Within the Islamic culture, the term that is mostly associated with ethics is referred to in the Holy Quran as Khouloq (Beekun, 2004, p. 2). Allah in the Quran has described Prophet Mohammad as a Prophet of good ethics. 3.2 Definition and Concept of Moral According to Peter Baelz (1977), morals and ethics often have the same meaning. However, is very useful if we could distinguish between the both of them, even though we often failed to make such a difference. While the N. Capaldi, E. Kelly and L.E. Navia (1981) stated that. In form of etymology, the English words ethical and moral is exactly same. Because of that, the study of ethics and moral actually just one and it is a same. The moral issues are practical issues, but not all belong to the practical issues in the field of ethics. It is because, moral more specifically examine the good and bad, right wrong and how individual should act in a particular situation. Therefore, moral was refers to disciplines knowledge that investigate the various about the human behavioral. Such as the opinion that written by J.L. Mackie (1971): à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦moral and ethics can analyze the once action whether that is right or wrong; it is can provide a clear line of distinction about acts and of an internal disposition, whether good or bad; or at least, be able to develop a knowledge of ethics guidelines that can be adopted to make various moral of judgments. 3.2 Definition and Concept of Akhlaq According to Mohd. Nasir Omar, (2010) on his book, Akhlaq is refers to the nature, habits, customs, familiarity, values à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬ ¹Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬ ¹and lifestyle of the individual or group of individuals. In fact, belief system or religion by a person also often included under the definition of akhlaq by many researchers. It is because of religion greatly influenced the thinking and lifestyle of the individual (Ibn Manzur t.t II: 1244-1248 and Jamil Saliba 1971, I: 49). While according to Ibn Miskawayh (1966), akhlaq is refers to the situation that forms in a human and it is function as a executive power that was directed that individuals by doing all his habits. Many philosopher was agreed with that statement that akhlaq related with the disposition that create in a person (al-nafs/soul) of a human. Spiritual dimension of the situation is very important because it is the cause of all acts done by humans. Therefore, akhlaq is does not refer to the act of good or bad done by a person, but to someone spiritual dimension pressing to do an act, whether good or bad. Akhlaq is located in the interior of humans soul and in the meanwhile, the act are refers to the exterior is made à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬ ¹Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬ ¹from morality. Hence, a good moral will of course realize that good deeds and vice versa. PRINCIPLES OF ISLAMIC BUSINESS ETHICS According to Hanafy and Salam (1995), classified ethical principles of Islam into six categories, which is: truthfulness, trust, sincerity, brotherhood, science and knowledge and justice. Principles of Islamic Business Ethics Justice Science and knowledge Brotherhood Sincerity Trust Truthfulness In order to get a pleasure from the Almighty, as a Muslim, it is should be followed this six principle of Islamic ethics by doing all the business or activities in their daily life. TRUTHFULNESS: Truthfulness is a basic ethical value of Islam and the meaning of Islam itself is, in a way, the other name of truth. There is no scope for cheating, telling lies, swearing too much, and providing false advertising in the Islamic framework of business. TRUST: Trust is another fundamental ethical principle of Islam and the essence of the trust is the sense of acountability, which is the sense of having to appear before Allah S.W.T and to account for ones action. All the activities were conducted well in no case harm or damage the society or the environment. SINCERITY: Islam attaches great importance to the sincerity of intentions and actions in every walk of life. For example such as ethical code results in more efficiency as well as a high rate of productivity. Sincerity also discourages manipulation or exploitation of others for personal reasons. BROTHERHOOD: Islam declares all human beings are brothers to each other wihout the distinctions of race, colour, tribe, caste and language of an individual or group. Everyone is entitled to an ethically right behavior irrespective of distinctions of caste, creed, race, or territory. SCIENCE AND KNOWLEDGE: Islam makes it obligatory for Muslims to seek knowledge and obtain excellence in performance. Research and development is highly encouraged in Islam. It such concern about science and knowledge in the Islamic code of ethics has been highly fruitful for Islamic civilisation in the past. JUSTICE: Justice is undoubtedly a prerequisite of business and trade as it encompasses the entire whole series of human life. The whole universe is based on the concept of justice and balance.justice here means that every one should be treated as he or she deserves, without any undue pressure or discrimination. CHALLENGES IN ENCOURAGING ISLAMIC ETHICAL BEHAVIORS AMONG INFORMATION / INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY PERSONNEL Muslims unethical behavior is influenced by several factors, such as stage of formal development, personal values and personality, family influence, peer influenceand so on. The challenges in Encouraging Islamic Ethical Behaviors Among Information / Information Technology Personnel CHALLENGES EXPLANATION Stage of moral development The lunatic, the sleeper and the child before puberty not responsible for their behavior. Personal value and personality One who stresses honesty will behave differently from those who do not respect others rights. The locus of control also affects individual ethical behavior (Robbins and Coulter, 2005, p. 112). Family influence The home is the place to start being a good Muslim. Children are likely to be ethical if they see their parents and other members of the family consistently adhere to high standards. In Islam, it is easier for a parent to teach his kids what is right (halal ) and what is wrong (haram) than to teach them rules and principles of good conduct and behavior. Peer influence Children are influenced by actions of their peers with whom they interact. Islam urges people to be very selective of peers as they have very big influence on companions. This coincides with the Arabic proverb Birds of a feather flock together or A person is known by the company he keeps. Life influence Key events like taking part in Alhajj (pilgrimage to Mecca) for example has a positive impact on Individual behavior. As the Quran states: Whoever goes to Hajj comes back from his journey innocent and pure and white as of the day of birth. Situational challenges It is the situation that sometimes makes one behave unethically, as the only way out. For example, a secretary may lie when answering a phone as the only way to turn away a client. She may simply lie by saying that the manager is not in the office while he is in fact in. On many occasions, the researcher has observed many Muslim secretaries quit their jobs simply to avoid being forced to tell such lies. However, lying is acceptable in Islam under three conditions: first, in wars; second, to solve conflicts between people; third, husband lying to his wife or vice versa for the sake of getting closer to each other and saving the marriage, e.g. saying I love you while it is the opposite (Hadith), or you are the most beautiful woman in the world. All this is meant to strengthen the ties between couples. Societal challenges People try to conceal unethical behavior and always justify their actions as being ethical in order to please members of society. In Muslim cultures, society places a heavy pressure on individuals to practice wasta, so a manager may have to deviate from the rules and regulations of the business in order to please a cousin, a friend or a neighbor. On one hand, wasta is considered as ethical and legal, e.g. in solving conflicts, while on the other hand, it can be viewed as illegal and unacceptable when it is used to override established laws and traditions, e.g. in obtaining favors like jobs. In Muslim cultures, a business person is more concerned about what others might think of his decision than what he thinks himself. Table 1: The challenges in Encouraging Islamic Ethical Behaviors Among Information / Information Technology Personnel (Source: Abuznaid, 1990) GUIDELINES TO ADDRESS THE CHALLENGES IN ENCOURAGING ISLAMIC ETHICAL BEHAVIORS AMONG INFORMATION / INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY PERSONNEL In Islam, Allah emphasizes the following ethical guidelines as being outlined in the Holy Quran. These guidelines govern the Islamic code of ethics relating to a persons daily life and business dealings. Muslims are required at all times to behave islamically because Allah himself is watching their practices. In response to these challenges, several guidelines are proposed as follows: Be patient. Islamic business people should not get angry and should not be irritated (Holy Quran, XXV:63) and (Holy Quran, III:134). Be fair and just. A Muslim business person has to be fair and just in all his dealings. He has to be fair with his employees; he has to give fair wages and has to be fair and kind with animals when slaughtering them (Holy Quran, II:278-279). Be humble. Being humble is the opposite of being arrogant. Being humble is a great characteristic of Muslims. Business people should be humble and down to earth (Holy Quran, XXVI:215). Be complacent. Being complacent is another characteristic of a Muslim. Muslim business people should be satisfied with what Allah has allocated them. To Muslims complacency is not the enemy of progress as the West views it. Be generous. Being generous is the opposite of being stingy. Alkareem is in fact one of Allahs magnificent names meaning being generous. Alkaram (generosity) is another characteristic of the Muslim business people. They should be generous in giving money and goods to the needy. Islam urges people to give legal alms or obligatory charity (Az-Zakat). Az-Zakat is an ordinance prescribed by Islamic law. Social responsibility is another important principle in management practices. Sadaqat (donations), not obligatory, are very much urged in the Holy Quran (Holy Quran, LVI:77) and (Holy Quran, XLIV:17,26). Be dignified. A business person in Islam should not indulge in investments that are not Halal. Halal is the opposite of Haram. Halal is ethical while haram is unethical. Examples of haram earnings for a Muslim include trading in alcohol, Be trustful (Al Amaneh). Being trustful means giving rights to others. For example, if you borrow some money from someone, you are supposed to return it at the agreed time at no interest. A good loan with no interest is an example of Islamic financial dealings (Alkird Al hasan) (Holy Quran, XL32) and (Holy Quran, IV:58). Be friendly. Muslims should be friendly and united at all times. No discrimination exists among Muslims, regardless of nationality, gender or color. The only difference between Muslims should be on the basis of piety (Holy Quran, XLIX: 10, 13). Be equitable. Equity is the opposite of injustice. A Muslim manager should be equitable. In Islam people should be treated fairly and with equity. Do not be involved in fraud. A Muslim business person should treat others the same way he himself would like to be treated (Holy Quran, XVI: 90, IV: 58). Do not bribe. The practice of all kinds of bribes is forbidden in Islam (Holy Quran, II: 188). However, there should be differentiation between sadakat (donations), gifts, and bribes. Gifts are encouraged in Islam because they help gain friendship. The prophet encourages the use of gifts saying Give more gifts so you be better liked (Hadith). Bribes on the other hand are unethical. Bribes are used to influence decisions. There are two kinds of bribes: the lubrication bribe and the white mail bribe. The white mail bribe generally involves an elaborate system for concealing the use of large sums of corporate cash. This type of bribe is used to buy influence in high places (Abuznaid, 1990, p. 319). From these key guidelines principles of ethics, we can conclude that Islam is a religion of high-moral standards. Muslim business people are urged in Al Quran and Al Sunnah to follow certain principles and guidelines. (Source: Abuznaid, 2009) CONCLUSION As stated above, the main purpose of this term paper is to discuss the meaning of ethics from an Islamic perspective. The research has defined Islamic management ethics as those guidelines and principles that are prescribed by the Holy Quran and sunnah (hadith). The paper has give explanation on the major determinants of individual ethical behavior in Islam and pinpointed based on the moral and akhlaq. Besides that, the paper has outlined some of the ethical principles which is the principles of Islamic business ethics. This paper has also discussed the challenges in encouraging Islamic ethical behaviors among information / information technology personnel. It further helps non-Muslim people become more aware of management ethics in an Islamic environment by giving them a better understanding of the subject, thus making it easier for them to carry out all the activities in an Islamic culture. However, it must be stated that there is not one united form of applied Islamic teachings am ong different Muslim countries. It is widely known that Middle Eastern countries have become more active in the global market place by applied their ethics. Moreover, this paper has outlined major commonalities between Islam and other religions on the subject of ethics from the Islamic perspective. Although this paper has presented the concept of ethics from Islamic perspective, hope all the Muslim are together applied all the ethics that are based on the al-Quran and al-Sunah to be an excellent humans. Therefore, it is the duty of all researchers interested in this issue to develop this knowledge. May Allah gives guidance in this new endeavour. REFERENCES 8.1 Book Dr Muhammad Sharif Chaundry. (2006). Social and Moral Code of Islam. Batu Caves, Selangor: Masterpiece Publication Sdn. Bhd. Khaliq Ahmad. (2007). Management from Islamic Perspective: Principles and Practices. Kuala Lumpur: International Islamic University Malaysia Press. Mohd Nasir Omar. (2010). Falsafah Akhlak. Bangi, Selangor: Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia. Syed Nawab Haider Naqvi. (1990). Etika dan Ekonomi: Satu Sintesis Islam. Kuala Lumpur: Berita Publishing Sdn. Bhd. 8.2 Article Journal Muhammad Arham. (2010). Islamic Perspective on Marketing. The Journal of Islamic Marketing, Vol. 1 Iss: 2 pp, 149-164. Salam Abdallah. (2010). Islamic Ethics: An Exposotion for Resolving ICT Ethical Dilemmas. The Journal of Information, Communication Ethics in Society, Vol. 8 Iss: 3 pp, 289-301. Samir Ahmad Abuznaid. (2009). Business Ethics in Islam: The Glaring Gap in Practice. The International Journal of Islamic and Middle Eastern Finance and Management, Vol. 2 Iss: 4 pp, 278-288.

El Cid Essay -- essays research papers

An Overview of the Life of a Spanish National Hero   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Rodrigo Diaz de Vivar, known best as El Cid, is revered as a great national hero of Spain. The name El Cid comes from the Arabic ‘El Seid’ meaning the Lord. Known to his admiring countrymen as ‘campeador’, or champion, he was a Spanish warrior whom later legend made into a hero and the symbol of chivalry and virtue. El Cid was born in Vivar near Burgos in 1043. His father, Diego Lainez, was a member of the minor nobility, called the ‘infanzones’ of Castile. El Cid was also directly connected on his mother’s side to royalty.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  History paints two pictures of Rodrigo Diaz. He was an unprincipled adventurer, who battled against both Christians and Moors. And on the other hand, he was also a symbol of romance, legend, and ballad. He is shown as the tender, loving husband and father, the loyal, courageous soldier, and an ever-present inspiration to Spanish patriotism. He stands out as the central figure of the long struggle of Christian Spain against the Muslim threats.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Fernando I, known as Fernando The Great, died in 1065, and at his death Fernando divided his lands among his three sons: Sancho, Alfonso, and Garcia, and his two daughters: Elvira and Urraca. He also asked them to promise him they would respect his wishes and abide by the divisions. But Sancho, who received the Kingdom of Castile, being the eldest, thought he should have inh...

Alcoholism and Drinking - Alcohol and Personality :: Exploratory Essays Research Papers

Alcohol and Personality    Alcoholism is a road often traveled yet there is no light at the end. The road only leads to a life of depression, anxiety, anger, stress, and much more. These are all common unwanted personality traits that we experience at one time or another. However, alcoholics exhibit these traits day in and day our as the likelihood that they act in these types of manners is nearly doubled when alcohol is involved. Alcohol inhibits not only our daily bodily functions but our mind as well. Alcoholism leads to times of withdrawal, low self-esteem, and an overall unwillingness to be part of society. It can turn the gentlest person into a raving psychopath without them even knowing it or if they do know, they refuse to admit it. Alcoholism manipulates the way we think and the way we react in common everyday situations. Minor problems are blown out of proportion while major problems are faced with anger, resentment, and often physical force. Alcoholism does nothing positive for an individual. It has many harmful effects and its effects on one's personality is one of the most harmful of all.    Our personality is who we are and who we are known as. Alcoholism takes that personality, corrupts it, and turns us into the person we never thought weà ¾d become. As the alcohol becomes more important and necessary in an alcoholicà ¾s life he will find himself unable to any longer answer the question of who he is but will rather find himself asking questions such as who he has become. At first, an individual may enjoy an occasional beer or two to à ¾take a load offà ¾. This does not have a permanent adverse effect on his personality. However, as time goes on, if this same person finds himself relying on alcohol to make it through the day, the problem has started. Before he knows it he will find himself psychologically dependent on alcohol and stages will develop. First, he may need a drink before he goes to bed to make him sleep better. Next, he may need to have a beer or two during his lunch break at the office because he has a lot on his mind. Finally, heà ¾ll find himself dr inking as a means of solving the simplest problem or needing a drink before he can even feel comfortable in public. Once this point in the alcoholic cycle is reached, his personality will begin to change as it takes on a new, distorted shape.

Henry Fleming In Red Badge Of Courage Essay -- Red Badge Of Courage

Henry Fleming in Red Badge of Courage The Civil War forced many young boys out of childhood and into adulthood. Most of these young boys were not prepared for war, and Henry Fleming was one of these boys. Henry Fleming's life in New York was routine. He had his normal share of friends and lived on a farm. When Henry got up in the mornings, he always knew exactly what the day had in store for him. This simple and boring life drove Henry to enlist. Henry wanted some excitement and to be seen by everyone as a hero. He wanted to be a man. However, his mother was strictly against his joining the Union Army. She thought that the Army was for rough and uncivilized heathens. His mother's greatest fear was that these heathens would influence Henry to start drinking and swearing. Despite his mother's concerns, Henry enlisted in the Army. But being in the Army wasn't enough, Henry was anxious to go to battle. All along the way to his station he and his fellow recruits were treated kindly. Old men patted them on their backs and young boys admired them when they stopped for rest. This warm feeling faded when they reached the camp. Here life was boring for Henry. The only thing his company did was drill day in and day out. All of the experienced soldiers told war stories every night by the campfire. Henry could only listen because he was still 'wet behind the ears'. He felt left out and often sat alone wondering about battle. War was like an illusion to him....

Argumentative Essay Format

Title: ARGUMENTATIVE ESSAY FORMAT Intro: PURPOSE: To set up and state one’s claim OPTIONAL ELEMENTS Make your introductory paragraph interesting. How can you draw your readers in? What background information, if any, do we need to know in order to understand your claim? If you don’t follow this paragraph with a background information paragraph, please insert that info here. REQUIRED ELEMENTS ? If you’re arguing about a literary work—state author + title ? If you’re arguing about an issue or theory – provide brief explanation or your of issue/theory. If you’re arguing about a film—state director, year + title ? STATE your claim at the end of your introductory paragraph BACKGROUND PARAGRAPH o 1-2 paragraphs tops; Optional (can omit for some papers). Also, sometimes this info is incorporated into the introduction paragraph (see above). o PURPOSE: Lays the foundation for proving your argument. o Will often include: ? Summary of work s being discussed ? Definition of key terms ? Explanation of key theories SUPPORTING EVIDENCE PARAGRAPH #1 o PURPOSE: To prove your argument. Usually is one paragraph but it can be longer. Topic Sentence: What is one item, fact, detail, or example you can tell your readers that will help them better understand your claim/paper topic? Your answer should be the topic sentence for this paragraph. o Explain Topic Sentence: Do you need to explain your topic sentence? If so, do so here. o Introduce Evidence: Introduce your evidence either in a few words (As Dr. Brown states ? †¦? ) or in a full sentence (? To understand this issue we first need to look at statistics). o State Evidence: What supporting evidence (reasons, examples, facts, statistics, and/or quotations) can you include to prove/support/explain your topic sentence? Explain Evidence: How should we read or interpret the evidence you are providing us? How does this evidence prove the point you are trying to make in this par agraph? Can be opinion based and is often at least 1-3 sentences. o Concluding Sentence: End your paragraph with a concluding sentence that reasserts how the topic sentence of this paragraph helps up better understand and/or prove your paper’s overall claim. SUPPORTING EVIDENCE PARAGRAPH #2, 3, 4 etc. o Repeat above ? COUNTERARGUMENT PARAGRAPH o PURPOSE: To anticipate your reader’s objections; make yourself sound more objective and reasonable. Optional; usually 1-2 paragraphs tops o What possible argument might your reader pose against your argument and/or some aspect of your reasoning? Insert one or more of those arguments here and refute them. o End paragraph with a concluding sentence that reasserts your paper’s claim as a whole. ? CONCLUSION PART 1: SUM UP PARAGRAPH o PURPOSE: Remind readers of your argument and supporting evidence o Conclusion you were most likely taught to write in High School CONCLUSION PART 2: YOUR â€Å"SO WHAT† PARAGRAPH o PURPO SE: To illustrate to your instructor that you have thought critically and analytically about this issue. Your conclusion should not simply restate your intro paragraph. If your conclusion says almost the exact same thing as your introduction, it may indicate that you have not done enough critical thinking during the course of your essay (since you ended up right where you started). o Your conclusion should tell us why we should care about your paper. What is the significance of your claim? Why is it important to you as the writer or to me as the reader? What information should you or I take away from this? o Your conclusion should create a sense of movement to a more complex understanding of the subject of your paper.By the end of your essay, you should have worked through your ideas enough so that your reader understands what you have argued and is ready to hear the larger point (i. e. the â€Å"so what†) you want to make about your topic. o Your conclusion should serve as t he climax of your paper. So, save your strongest analytical points for the end of your essay, and use them to drive your conclusion o Vivid, concrete language is as important in a conclusion as it is elsewhere–perhaps more essential, since the conclusion determines the reader's final impression of your essay.Do not leave them with the impression that your argument was vague or unsure. o WARNING: It's fine to introduce new information or quotations in your conclusions, as long as the new points grow from your argument. New points might be more general, answering the â€Å"so what† question; they might be quite specific. Just avoid making new claims that need lots of additional support. OUTLINE WORKSHOP INTRODUCTION BACKGROUND SUPPORTING EVIDENCE #1 SUPPORTING EVIDENCE #2 SUPPORTING EVIDENCE #3 COUNTERARGUMENT SUM UP CONCLUSION ? Sum up claim + supporting evidence statements SO WHAT CONCLUSION Argumentative Essay Format Title: ARGUMENTATIVE ESSAY FORMAT Intro: PURPOSE: To set up and state one’s claim OPTIONAL ELEMENTS Make your introductory paragraph interesting. How can you draw your readers in? What background information, if any, do we need to know in order to understand your claim? If you don’t follow this paragraph with a background information paragraph, please insert that info here. REQUIRED ELEMENTS ? If you’re arguing about a literary work—state author + title ? If you’re arguing about an issue or theory – provide brief explanation or your of issue/theory. If you’re arguing about a film—state director, year + title ? STATE your claim at the end of your introductory paragraph BACKGROUND PARAGRAPH o 1-2 paragraphs tops; Optional (can omit for some papers). Also, sometimes this info is incorporated into the introduction paragraph (see above). o PURPOSE: Lays the foundation for proving your argument. o Will often include: ? Summary of work s being discussed ? Definition of key terms ? Explanation of key theories SUPPORTING EVIDENCE PARAGRAPH #1 o PURPOSE: To prove your argument. Usually is one paragraph but it can be longer. Topic Sentence: What is one item, fact, detail, or example you can tell your readers that will help them better understand your claim/paper topic? Your answer should be the topic sentence for this paragraph. o Explain Topic Sentence: Do you need to explain your topic sentence? If so, do so here. o Introduce Evidence: Introduce your evidence either in a few words (As Dr. Brown states ? †¦? ) or in a full sentence (? To understand this issue we first need to look at statistics). o State Evidence: What supporting evidence (reasons, examples, facts, statistics, and/or quotations) can you include to prove/support/explain your topic sentence? Explain Evidence: How should we read or interpret the evidence you are providing us? How does this evidence prove the point you are trying to make in this par agraph? Can be opinion based and is often at least 1-3 sentences. o Concluding Sentence: End your paragraph with a concluding sentence that reasserts how the topic sentence of this paragraph helps up better understand and/or prove your paper’s overall claim. SUPPORTING EVIDENCE PARAGRAPH #2, 3, 4 etc. o Repeat above ? COUNTERARGUMENT PARAGRAPH o PURPOSE: To anticipate your reader’s objections; make yourself sound more objective and reasonable. Optional; usually 1-2 paragraphs tops o What possible argument might your reader pose against your argument and/or some aspect of your reasoning? Insert one or more of those arguments here and refute them. o End paragraph with a concluding sentence that reasserts your paper’s claim as a whole. ? CONCLUSION PART 1: SUM UP PARAGRAPH o PURPOSE: Remind readers of your argument and supporting evidence o Conclusion you were most likely taught to write in High School CONCLUSION PART 2: YOUR â€Å"SO WHAT† PARAGRAPH o PURPO SE: To illustrate to your instructor that you have thought critically and analytically about this issue. Your conclusion should not simply restate your intro paragraph. If your conclusion says almost the exact same thing as your introduction, it may indicate that you have not done enough critical thinking during the course of your essay (since you ended up right where you started). o Your conclusion should tell us why we should care about your paper. What is the significance of your claim? Why is it important to you as the writer or to me as the reader? What information should you or I take away from this? o Your conclusion should create a sense of movement to a more complex understanding of the subject of your paper.By the end of your essay, you should have worked through your ideas enough so that your reader understands what you have argued and is ready to hear the larger point (i. e. the â€Å"so what†) you want to make about your topic. o Your conclusion should serve as t he climax of your paper. So, save your strongest analytical points for the end of your essay, and use them to drive your conclusion o Vivid, concrete language is as important in a conclusion as it is elsewhere–perhaps more essential, since the conclusion determines the reader's final impression of your essay.Do not leave them with the impression that your argument was vague or unsure. o WARNING: It's fine to introduce new information or quotations in your conclusions, as long as the new points grow from your argument. New points might be more general, answering the â€Å"so what† question; they might be quite specific. Just avoid making new claims that need lots of additional support. OUTLINE WORKSHOP INTRODUCTION BACKGROUND SUPPORTING EVIDENCE #1 SUPPORTING EVIDENCE #2 SUPPORTING EVIDENCE #3 COUNTERARGUMENT SUM UP CONCLUSION ? Sum up claim + supporting evidence statements SO WHAT CONCLUSION

Managed Care

The article seeks to identify the problems that face managed care organization (MCOs) in contemporary competitive environment which include broad public opinion, competitive realities, need for cost reduction. The article also notes that there has been an increase in health care cost despite the establishment of the managed health care systems implemented through the managed care organizations. Increase in cost remains to be a major concern for patients/consumers. Due to this, patients are ready to switch from one plan to another in which cost difference in premium is as little as $15. 0 per month. The article also claims that there has been concern from the society as far as quality of managed healthcare service is concerned. Such concerns encompass: accessibility, and the verification of what is ‘medically necessary’ including the diagnosis tests and referrals. Other concern is freedom of choice. Additionally, perceived quality which is increasingly valued by contempor ary patients/consumers has been lacking in the managed care organizations. (Entrepreneur 1998). Strategies or techniques are used to solve the problem or address the issue. This article proposes application of institutional theory to MCOs performance as well as strategic planning. Over emphasizing of institutional theory at the expense of strategic planning will not help the managed care organization to survive in the contemporary competitive environment. The article proposes a strategy that will respond and conform to the needs of the patients and the society at large. Being cost efficient and conforming with socially accepted norms will lead to superior performing of MCOs. Thus, a strategy that encompasses technical requirements as well as conforming to needs of the patients/consumers is very critical for success of any MCO. Only emphasizing or dealing with cost issue is not a strategy for long-term MCO superior performance and success. The article also proposes that all MCOs must demonstrate what contemporary consumers/patients and society expects. These expectations include accessibility, freedom of choice, and perceived quality i. e. always provide value for all patients. ( Entrepreneur1998). My conclusions and recommendations It is clear that the establishment of managed care and the managed care organizations have not been a panacea to all problems facing patients/consumers. Instead, what the patients would like to have is more accessibility to health care services, freedom of choice, better services emphasizing on perfect diagnosis tests, reduction in cost of this services as well as flexibility of managed care systems. This is yet to become a reality. To ensure this, responding to consumers/patients needs will be of great importance. This should include training the health care workers on the best way to serve the patients better, and carrying out perfect diagnosis tests before treating the patients. Increase in number of medical practitioners in MCOs so as to ensure accessibility of these services should also be considered. The managed care plans should also employ modern technology that will improve the quality of health care services. This should encompass better disease diagnosing equipments, and establishing better information systems. Reduction of cost is also very imperative. All inefficiencies and wastage should be checked through a well planned compliance system that should work closely with the human resource department. (Harris, J. S. 1994; Morton-Cooper & Bamford 1997; Alexander & Amburgey. 1987) Contribution of the article to helping practicing healthcare managers This article is of great help to many practicing healthcare managers. First, it point out the importance of being market oriented i. e. responding to the needs of the patients/consumers and society at large. Factors that determine patients choice of particular health care provider i. e. accessibility of the service, cost of the service, perceived quality such perfect diagnosis test for appropriate medication and so on are also enlisted. The article also emphasis on need of employing a strategy that ensures adherence to technical requirements, cost reduction, high quality, and also freedom of choice to the patients/consumers. Such insight is of great importance to any practicing health care manager who wants to succeed in this career. Managed Care The article seeks to identify the problems that face managed care organization (MCOs) in contemporary competitive environment which include broad public opinion, competitive realities, need for cost reduction. The article also notes that there has been an increase in health care cost despite the establishment of the managed health care systems implemented through the managed care organizations. Increase in cost remains to be a major concern for patients/consumers. Due to this, patients are ready to switch from one plan to another in which cost difference in premium is as little as $15. 0 per month. The article also claims that there has been concern from the society as far as quality of managed healthcare service is concerned. Such concerns encompass: accessibility, and the verification of what is ‘medically necessary’ including the diagnosis tests and referrals. Other concern is freedom of choice. Additionally, perceived quality which is increasingly valued by contempor ary patients/consumers has been lacking in the managed care organizations. (Entrepreneur 1998). Strategies or techniques are used to solve the problem or address the issue. This article proposes application of institutional theory to MCOs performance as well as strategic planning. Over emphasizing of institutional theory at the expense of strategic planning will not help the managed care organization to survive in the contemporary competitive environment. The article proposes a strategy that will respond and conform to the needs of the patients and the society at large. Being cost efficient and conforming with socially accepted norms will lead to superior performing of MCOs. Thus, a strategy that encompasses technical requirements as well as conforming to needs of the patients/consumers is very critical for success of any MCO. Only emphasizing or dealing with cost issue is not a strategy for long-term MCO superior performance and success. The article also proposes that all MCOs must demonstrate what contemporary consumers/patients and society expects. These expectations include accessibility, freedom of choice, and perceived quality i. e. always provide value for all patients. ( Entrepreneur1998). My conclusions and recommendations It is clear that the establishment of managed care and the managed care organizations have not been a panacea to all problems facing patients/consumers. Instead, what the patients would like to have is more accessibility to health care services, freedom of choice, better services emphasizing on perfect diagnosis tests, reduction in cost of this services as well as flexibility of managed care systems. This is yet to become a reality. To ensure this, responding to consumers/patients needs will be of great importance. This should include training the health care workers on the best way to serve the patients better, and carrying out perfect diagnosis tests before treating the patients. Increase in number of medical practitioners in MCOs so as to ensure accessibility of these services should also be considered. The managed care plans should also employ modern technology that will improve the quality of health care services. This should encompass better disease diagnosing equipments, and establishing better information systems. Reduction of cost is also very imperative. All inefficiencies and wastage should be checked through a well planned compliance system that should work closely with the human resource department. (Harris, J. S. 1994; Morton-Cooper & Bamford 1997; Alexander & Amburgey. 1987) Contribution of the article to helping practicing healthcare managers This article is of great help to many practicing healthcare managers. First, it point out the importance of being market oriented i. e. responding to the needs of the patients/consumers and society at large. Factors that determine patients choice of particular health care provider i. e. accessibility of the service, cost of the service, perceived quality such perfect diagnosis test for appropriate medication and so on are also enlisted. The article also emphasis on need of employing a strategy that ensures adherence to technical requirements, cost reduction, high quality, and also freedom of choice to the patients/consumers. Such insight is of great importance to any practicing health care manager who wants to succeed in this career. Managed Care The article seeks to identify the problems that face managed care organization (MCOs) in contemporary competitive environment which include broad public opinion, competitive realities, need for cost reduction. The article also notes that there has been an increase in health care cost despite the establishment of the managed health care systems implemented through the managed care organizations. Increase in cost remains to be a major concern for patients/consumers. Due to this, patients are ready to switch from one plan to another in which cost difference in premium is as little as $15. 0 per month. The article also claims that there has been concern from the society as far as quality of managed healthcare service is concerned. Such concerns encompass: accessibility, and the verification of what is ‘medically necessary’ including the diagnosis tests and referrals. Other concern is freedom of choice. Additionally, perceived quality which is increasingly valued by contempor ary patients/consumers has been lacking in the managed care organizations. (Entrepreneur 1998). Strategies or techniques are used to solve the problem or address the issue. This article proposes application of institutional theory to MCOs performance as well as strategic planning. Over emphasizing of institutional theory at the expense of strategic planning will not help the managed care organization to survive in the contemporary competitive environment. The article proposes a strategy that will respond and conform to the needs of the patients and the society at large. Being cost efficient and conforming with socially accepted norms will lead to superior performing of MCOs. Thus, a strategy that encompasses technical requirements as well as conforming to needs of the patients/consumers is very critical for success of any MCO. Only emphasizing or dealing with cost issue is not a strategy for long-term MCO superior performance and success. The article also proposes that all MCOs must demonstrate what contemporary consumers/patients and society expects. These expectations include accessibility, freedom of choice, and perceived quality i. e. always provide value for all patients. ( Entrepreneur1998). My conclusions and recommendations It is clear that the establishment of managed care and the managed care organizations have not been a panacea to all problems facing patients/consumers. Instead, what the patients would like to have is more accessibility to health care services, freedom of choice, better services emphasizing on perfect diagnosis tests, reduction in cost of this services as well as flexibility of managed care systems. This is yet to become a reality. To ensure this, responding to consumers/patients needs will be of great importance. This should include training the health care workers on the best way to serve the patients better, and carrying out perfect diagnosis tests before treating the patients. Increase in number of medical practitioners in MCOs so as to ensure accessibility of these services should also be considered. The managed care plans should also employ modern technology that will improve the quality of health care services. This should encompass better disease diagnosing equipments, and establishing better information systems. Reduction of cost is also very imperative. All inefficiencies and wastage should be checked through a well planned compliance system that should work closely with the human resource department. (Harris, J. S. 1994; Morton-Cooper & Bamford 1997; Alexander & Amburgey. 1987) Contribution of the article to helping practicing healthcare managers This article is of great help to many practicing healthcare managers. First, it point out the importance of being market oriented i. e. responding to the needs of the patients/consumers and society at large. Factors that determine patients choice of particular health care provider i. e. accessibility of the service, cost of the service, perceived quality such perfect diagnosis test for appropriate medication and so on are also enlisted. The article also emphasis on need of employing a strategy that ensures adherence to technical requirements, cost reduction, high quality, and also freedom of choice to the patients/consumers. Such insight is of great importance to any practicing health care manager who wants to succeed in this career.