How has China been affected by globalization Essay

In the late 1970s China made perhaps its most significant strategic political manoeuvre of the 20th Century when it embarked on a series of economic reforms that embraced globalization (Bijian, 2005). Deng Xiaoping and other Chinese leaders believed that to further China’s development, participation in an open global economy would be crucial to its survival (Chow, 2002) During the three decades since these reforms China’s political and economic institutions have undergone a dramatic transition (Overholt, 2005 and Economy, 1998). China has shifted from the world’s greatest opponent of globalization into a committed member of a global economy and advocate of globalization (Overholt, 2005). The pinnacle of this transformation and China’s economic growth was its admission into to the World Trade Organisation (WTO) on 11 December, 2001 (Allen et al, 2006 and Fishman, 2005). Consequently, China is now subjected to international trends and forces to a degree unprecedented since 1949 (Bijian, 2005 and Chow, 2004). In this essay I will analyse the effect that globalization has had on China’s political, economic, legal and technological institutions. Furthermore, I will also analyse whether China has been forced to change to pander to the international economic community or whether it has voluntarily instituted change for its own benefit and development. However before analysing the effect that globalization has had on China it is important to understand what the term â€Å"globalisation† means. Globalisation became a buzz word in the 1990s because of its influence in creating a world in which geographic location became increasingly irrelevant (Immerfall 2006). In essence globalisation refers to the unrestricted flow of goods, capital, information, technology and people across national borders (Chow, 2005a). Globalisation is, however, by no means a new phenomenon and China has been subjected to its effects for many centuries (Alford, 1999). In fact, the effects of globalisation in China go â€Å"as far back as the Han dynasty (206BC-220AD) when trade took place between the Han Chinese and neighbouring people in the North-west through the Silk Route† (Chow, 2004: 3). Despite this, in the Qing Dynasty and the early stages of the Chinese Communist Party’s rule, right up until Deng Xiaoping’s open door policy, China tried  to close its doors and restrict the influence of globalisation (Street, 2000 and Chow 2004 and 2005a). This was not the first time that China was forced to confront and implement a national strategy to either embrace or combat the effects of globalisation. In fact, as recently as the 1990s, China was confronted by this conundrum, namely: whether to continue its global economic expansion in the face of the Asian financial crisis or to once again close it doors and retreat inwards to protect itself from the economic fallout of a struggling region (Fishman, 2005 and Nolan, 2001). However, by carefully weighing the advantages and disadvantages of economic openness the Chinese government decided to open up the Chinese economy even more, and eventually joined the World Trade Organization by implementing large economic reforms (Bijian, 2005). There is no doubting that these economic reforms and China’s embracement of globalisation has brought stunning results. Since starting to open up and reform its economy in 1978, China â€Å"has averaged 9.4 percent annual GDP growth, one of the highest growth rates in the world† (Bijian, 2005: 3). One of the reasons for the huge leaps in growth has come from direct foreign investment that has been facilitated by China’s admission to the WTO. For example, in the space of a few days in 2004, a North Korean Steel Company launched a $500 million steel project in the Dalian development zone; France’s St Gobain invested $70 million in one of its existing glass production lines in China; Germany’s Siemens opened its fortieth office in China for development of software; and Finland’s Stora Enso invested $1.6 billion in a paper pulp project in Guandong Province (Hall et al, 2004). Such results have seen China become the third largest trading country in the world and the envy of many developing economies around the world (Chow, 2005b). While such economic statistics are regularly celebrated by the Chinese government as a success of China’s inclusion into the WTO, many in China are in fact lamenting the negative effects of globalisation and the scrutiny that WTO membership has brought. In fact WTO membership came at a very high price for the domestic Chinese economy (Overholt, 2005). Throughout the 80s  and 90s China initiated structural changes such as the phasing out of direct subsidies for exports and began cutting tariffs in preparation for inclusion into the WTO (Pearson, 2001). Over the three years from 1994 to 1997, the country’s average tariff rate was lowered from about 43 to 17 per cent and at the time of China’s entry into the WTO in late 2001, the overall average was just 15 per cent. Such drastic economic changes were at the behest of the WTO and the result being that a lot of factories and domestic industries have gone bankrupt because many people prefer foreign products which ha ve become cheaper as a result of China’s inclusion into WTO (Solinger, 2005). Furthermore, Moore (2002) also argues that China’s accession into the World Trade Organization could be viewed as more beneficial to the rest of the world rather than China itself. WTO commitments made by China do not in any way protect China’s â€Å"domestic producers† and therefore the argument that that the greatest benefit of China’s WTO membership is enjoyed by foreign companies is indeed a valid one (Moore, 2002: 311). Yang (2004: 307) argues that admission into the WTO was in fact too big of a restructure step for China and continues by noting that Chinese involvement in the WTO is great for foreign companies and bad for local ones because â€Å"one of the first laws enacted† to ensure WTO membership â€Å"was designed to attract and protect investment from overseas†. It is clear that this lack of protectionism, although beneficial to the outside world, has been disrupted the income to domestic businesses. Of particular note is the fact that with China’s WTO membership foreign investors have been allowed access to markets that were previously restricted or highly regulated (Samuelson, 2004 and Pearson, 2001). These incursions have been most evident in the insurance, telecommunications, and financial industries (Prasad, 2004). Such competition is however of great benefit to the domestic Chinese consumer. In fact, fifteen years ago China barely had any mobile telecommunication services, whereas now it claims more than 300 million mobile phone subscribers, more than any other nation (Bijian, 2005). Whether this is a result of modernisation or globalisation is highly debatable, but it is clear that Chinese consumers are embracing the increase in products and services provided by many foreign companies. Other than the local businesses being hurt by foreign investments and industries, the labour market in China is also suffering from major unemployment as a result of the forces of globalisation (Chow, 2004). While entry into the WTO has in itself not created joblessness, it has however heightened a number of trends that were already underway, including accelerating the rate of insolvency of state owned enterprises. The result being the discharge of tens of millions of workers who, when they were younger, were once assured of employment by the socialist state (Economy, 1998 and Chow 2004 and 2005b). According to Prasad (2004: 6) â€Å"the unemployment problem is in fact likely to worsen over the next few years due to restructuring in the rural and state enterprise sectors†, the very type of restructuring that has been mandated upon China by the World Trade Organisation. Another cause of the unemployment problem currently facing the Chinese economy is its shift away from sunset industries such as manufacturing, mining and construction to newer industries that demand workers with specialised skills (Prasad, 2004; Solinger 2005 and Yang 2004). Similar changes are evident in China’s effort to upgrade its technology industry, which has not only involved the replacement of much unskilled labour but in many cases also reduces the need to employ as many skilled blue-collar workers (Nolan, 2001 and Economy, 1998). While this can not be directly liked to WTO membership it is clear that the forces of globalisation are having a major impact on the Chinese economy, the products it produces and its labour force. The amazing growth in China’s economy as a result of its increased participation and integration in a global economy is also having social and political consequences. Most notable a growing divide between China’s rich and poor. Obviously China would not have self imposed such drastic economic changes purely to encourage direct foreign investment to the detriment of domestic businesses, but it is clear the benefits of the global marketplace are not being shared around China’s 1.3 billion people (Solinger, 2005 and Chow, 2004). It is very much the case in China that the rich are getting  richer and the poor are just getting left behind. This is also evident in the growing regional inequalities in China. Despite the governments attempts to rectify the situation, foreign investment has continued to flow to those provinces where education levels are the highest, infrastructure most well developed and political power most concentrated (Overholt, 2005 and Economy, 1998). Moreover, while the wealthier provinces in theory pay taxes to the centre to compensate the poorer provinces, in practice this system has failed allowing corruption to flourish, resulting in power becoming de-centralised from Beijing to local authorities. Not surprisingly such inequality has contributed to serious political tension between the haves and have nots (Bijian 2005 and Economy 1998). Overholt (2005: 7) however argues that despite the growing divide between the rich and poor, the Chinese â€Å"overwhelmingly support further globalisation†. Overholt (2005: 7) asserts that â€Å"no large country in human history has ever experienced such rapid improvements in living standards and working conditions† as China has in its acceptance of adjustments to accommodate the forces of globalisation. So while the economic dividends of China’s rapid growth are not being shared equally around the country, the majority are nonetheless better off. One of the reasons for such widespread approval of the modernisation of the economy has been the upgrading of technology, especially telecommunications which has been an essential aspect of the Chinese government’s plans for continued economic growth (Chow, 2004 and 2005a and Econommy, 1998). Normally if there is general contentment among the population then this would provide little in the way of difficulties for those in power. Fred Tipson (1998: 12) however, notes a difficult conundrum for the Chinese government in their embracement of economic globalisation. â€Å"The Chinese leadership has repeatedly emphasized the central role of telecommunications and information technologies in building its modern economy†¦..on the one hand, actively promoting a modern communications infrastructure, while on the other hand, repeatedly trying to control the content and uses of the information that pulses through it.† Tipson (1998) concludes that the  communications revolution will â€Å"diminish the need or inclination of most Chinese to defer to central authority or accept routinely the government’s characterization of reality.†The Chinese government is more than aware of the threat to its power that the technological revolution and global scrutiny presents. Given the current uprisings and discontent in Tibet the government has blocked access to many websites to control the flow of information to not only its own people, but the international community (Maunder, 2008). So while the forces of globalisation may have brought prosperity to China, the Chinese government also has to work overtime to maintain its grip on power. When evaluating the impact that globalisation has had on China it is important not to lose sight of the big picture. Economic growth alone does not provide a full picture of a country’s development and despite China’s population of 1.3 billion, its China’s economy is still just one-seventh the size of the United States’ (Bijian, 2005). However, the open-door policy that was first advanced by Deng Xiaoping in the late 1970s has been of great success in modernising China. It is true that such rapid growth has presented China with some problems, including the demise of some domestic industries, unemployment and minor political instability, however given its current path it appears that China’s rise to superpower status is inevitable. BIBLIOGRAPHY Alford, William (1999) ‘Does the rule of law really rule?’ paper presented before the Conference on Policy Reform in China, Center for Research in Economic Development and Policy Research, Standford University, November 18-20, 1999 (Online) Available from: http://www.cdy.sagepub.com/cgi/reprint/11/3/287.pdf [Accessed 10th March 2008]Allen, Franklin. Jun Qian and Meijun Qian (2006), ‘China’s Financial Reform: Past, Present and Future’ in Loren Brandt and Thomas Rawski, ed. China’s Economic Transition: Origins, Mechanism, and Consequences. University of Pennsylvania, Wharton School: MimeoBijian, Zheng (2005) ‘China’s Peaceful Rise to Great-Power Status’ Foreign Affairs September/October 2005Chow, Gregory (2002) ‘China’s Economic Transformation’ Oxford: Blackwell Publishing CompanyChow, Gregory (2004) ‘Knowing China’ Singapore: World Scientific Publishing CompanyChow, Gregory (2005a) ‘Corruption and Economic Reform in the Early 21st Century’ Princeton University, California: MimeoChow, Greogry and Yan, Shen (2005b) ‘Demand for Education in China’ Princeton University, California: MimeoEconomy, Elizabeth (1998) ‘China Confronts the Challenge of Globalization’ New York: Rockefeller Brothers Fund, IncFishman, Ted (2005) ‘How the rise of the next super power challenges America and the world’ New York, N.Y.: ScribnerHall, D., Jones, R., and Raffo, C. (2004) ‘Business Studies’ 3rd Edition, Lancashire: Causeway Press LtdImerfall, Stefan (2006) ‘Territoriality in the Globalizing Society: One Place or None?’ (Online) Available from: http://www.amazon.com/Territoriality-Globalizing-Society-European-Transatlantic/dp/3540643222 [Accessed 9th March 2008]Maunder, Patricia (2008) ‘The Great Firewall of China’ The Age, March 20, 2008 (Online) Available from: http://www.theage.com.au/news/w eb/the-great-firewall-of-china/2008/03/18/1205602389513.html? [Accessed 21st March 2008]Moore, Thomas (2002) ‘China in the World Market’ New York, NY: Cambridge University PressNolan, Peter (2001) ‘China and the Global Economy: National Champions, Industrial Policy and the Big Business Revolution’ New York, N.Y: PalgraveOverholt, W (2005) ‘China and Globalization’ Testimony before the U.S.-China Economic and Security Review Commission, May 19, 2005. Santa Monica, California: Rand CorporationPearson, Margaret (2001) ‘The Case of China’s Accession to the GATT/WTO’, in David M. Lampton (ed.), The Making of Chinese Foreign and Security Policy in the Era of Reform, 1978-2000 Stanford: Stanford University PressPrasad, Eswar (2004) ‘China’s Growth and Integration into the World Economy: Prospects and Challenges’ International Monetary Fund Publications, June 17, 2004. Samuelson, Paul (2004) ‘Where Ricardo and Mill Rebut and Confirm Arguments of Mainstream Economists Supporting Globalization’ Economic Perspectives, 18: 3 Summer, 2004Solinger, Dorothy (2005) ‘Chinese Urban Jobs and the WTO’ The China Journal, May 2005Street, N., Lynch, M and Marilyn, J (2000) ‘American Business in China: Balancing Culture and Communication (Online) Available from: http://www.cald.org/website/polparties_asia.htm [Accessed 5th March 2008]Tipson, Fred (1998) ‘China and the Information Revolution’ China Joins the World: progress and Prospects New York: Council for Foreign Relations PressYang, Dali (2003) ‘Remaking the Chinese Leviathan’ Stanford,

English reflection Essay

As I am approaching graduation after five long years of college, it is hard to believe that English 200 was my first English class of my college career. I have concluded that during my four writings that there have been three areas that I needed and have improved on during this semester. Over the course of these few months, it has become apparent that my writing skills have improved in the areas of finding the appropriate target audience, finding new language to use in persuasive essays, and finally the way to format a works cited page. The appropriate target audience had been a continual problem throughout the semester. One way that has helped me solidify the target audience has been to find out who I want to hear the message I am trying to get across. The first challenge picking a target audience came during the second writing. During this writing I had prepared a response to the NCAA about college athletes going pro. Ultimately at first I was confused with who had the ability to make these changes and the authority to go along with it. I would have to say that during all four of my writings this semester it continually came back to finding out who had the major authority within the organization or group of people I was trying to approach. After gaining some insight into who the appropriate target audience was during the second writing, it greatly affected the way that I approached the third and fourth persuasive writing assignments. I put a great deal of emphasis on who was going to be able to make a difference in the topic that I was trying to discuss. In my third writing especially I was able to come up with a target audience by first assessing what type of people I wanted to reach out to and how I was going to make that happen. My third writing was about an alternative way to dieting in the form of fasting. I found that the target audience was people that were searching for a diet in the first place and how I was going to be able to provide them with an alternative position on the topic. The second change that has been a drastic development has been the use of persuasive language. Until this semester I have always struggled with grammar and how to make the target audience stay engaged in the writing. This language that has helped to get my point across has become stronger as the semester has gone on. This is an important aspect because it is what drives your essay to really hit your audience. Beginning with the first two  writing assignments it was evident that we were going to be easing our way into the types of persuasive essays in the semester. I found that it was easier to start with an argument essay where I was able to express some of this persuasive language in a much more natural writing environment. As we approached the next three writings, it challenged me more and more to find new ways to keep the language in an engaging way for the audience. I learned an enormous amount about persuasive language and thought that the way of easing into it throughout the semester has provided me with the tools to become a better writer in everyday life for other classes and a future career. The final improved aspect of writing had to have been the works cited page. I was unaware how important this aspect was to the paper and how to properly construct this page. I feel more confident now on the format and what information needs to be provided in this area. After getting the first writing assignment back I realized that I had no idea how to properly format the works cited page, let alone how to cite those sources in the actual writing. I had a lot of errors, for example I was unaware that I was able to use the last name of the author at the end of the cited sentence to properly give credit to the author. There were only minor improvements on the next writing which made me realize that this was an area that I was going to have to really work on. On writing three and four I decided to put more thought into the works cited page as a whole. This was also the same time as to when we started highlighting in our sources where we found our information and whether or not we paraphrased it or took it straight from the articles. This helped make me realize which type of citations to use and when the appropriate time to use them was. I believe that the toughest part about making the works cited page is the format. While there is not a huge difference between MLA and APA, it can become confusing when two different teachers prefer different methods. Knowing the differences and correctly applying the changes was one of the aspects that I improved on greatly this semester. Over the course of the semester the works cited, persuasive language, and the target audiences have been the areas of writing needing the most improvement. I feel more confident now in picking the language and target audience, along with being able to construct a proper works cited page for these writings. As each paper came along I provided with more opportunities to learn the proper ways in which to approach these three  aspects and how to put more emphasis on them.

Business Regulations and Practices Presentation Essay

Business Regulations and Practices Presentation - Essay Example The effects get analyzed from the perspective of employees, employers, and the government. Each of these players has a different view regarding high minimum wage. The paper uses an exploratory approach to finding relevant facts related to the study. Sources such as books, press releases and Low Wage Commission reports have gotten perused so as to strengthen the understanding of the concepts at hand. Jobs whose value cannot get sustained in the face of the minimum wage are likely to get eradicated. Employers may fail to pay the high wage rate for jobs that are not essential to a company. Scaling back the number of employees will in turn increase social dependency. Also, it reduces the purchasing power of individuals thus stalling economic growth. Low-wage jobs are likely to get eradicated since the small job opportunities that offer the low-wage jobs have a limited payroll budget. The payroll funds cannot and may not offer their most valuable employees the fair and attractive wages of unskilled workers, and this would result in the eradication of such jobs. The Neoclassical economists posit that as the labor prices increase, the employees would demand less work and thus this may result in the elimination of the low-wage jobs. Likewise, the minimal wage rate would result in a reduced demand for workers, either as a result of the reduction in working hours or through the reduction of job opportunities. Critics as well hold that raising the minimum wage rate, slows down the rate of the creation of low-skilled jobs in an economy. As a consequence, therefore, job opportunities get shifted to other areas, states and nations that contribute to lower cost labor. In the long run, the move results in a higher long-term unemployment rate. Employment: An increment in the minimum wage rate will eradicate low skilled work; hence, encouraging unemployment, although this has a little effect on most employers. The

Raising the minimum wage Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Raising the minimum wage - Essay Example should not be increased because this will main that small business, which are said to play a very crucial role in the USA economy will be affected negatively and this will have a negative impact on the economy. As Hasset and Strain (Para 15) say, it is â€Å"†¦.because it will make it more expensive for businesses to hire young and low-skill workers at a time of crisis-level unemployment†. The truth is that the minimum wage is a problem in the USA. With big corporations such as Wal-Mart and McDonalds taking advantage of the minimum wage to take advantage of their employees despite the fact that these companies can afford to pay better salaries, there is a need to consider this issue. However, the solution is not to increase the minimum wage for all employers, but to address the issue with much more wisdom. However, there are experts who do not see this is this way. For instance, Cassidy (Para 2) argues that he minimum wages must be raised because of two major factors. First the inflation rates have increased over the years while the minimum wages have remained constant. This means that the workers are getting lower pay than can meet their daily needs because the inflation has reduced the value of the dollars. While the minimum wage does not increase as fast as the inflation rate reduces the value for the dollar, the firms that sell products and services to the consumers increase the prices of their products as soon as the inflation rate has reached a significant level to affect their bottom-line. Secondly, he shows that the American minimum wage is so much lower in comparison to the other first world nations like those in Europe and in Australia. However, what people like Cassidy do not realize that that there are more complicates issues when it comes with macroeconomics. This has bee n addressed by (Finnegan Para 5). Finnegan (Para 3) argues that increasing the minimum wage is not necessarily a poverty panacea and that those who think that this will solve

The Effects of One-On-One Intervention on Letter Recognition in Dissertation

The Effects of One-On-One Intervention on Letter Recognition in Kindergartners - Dissertation Example ention is not justified because at the end of the day, individual letters do not matter very much and other lesser grilling  methods of teaching can be applied (Gillon, 2004). This study is, therefore, going to look at the effects that some of these interventions have on the kindergarten and establish whether to promote them or curtail their usage. Background and Justification According to Fulk (1997) et al., â€Å"there are various conflicts and concerns about the best way to help the pupil to achieve a concrete letter recognition ability, if at all that is needed.† There have been countless critics of the best way to approach this issue with the maximum result. They carried out a study which will be given shortly in the literature review section. It was clear that there were several methods of intervention such as picture mnemonics, letter speed race, letter, matches, rhyming concepts, ordering methods and so forth. The methods have existed from a very long time but also t here are those that have come up in the recent past which are either created by the individual teachers creatively approaching the subject. The other references that have been applied in this context also agree that the methods are a good mode of teaching (Bastano, 2008). The study is, therefore, justified to seek answers about the effectiveness of the specific letter-recognition intervention method that are being applied by many people in the learning institutions. Martinez (2010) argues that â€Å"despite the curriculum of teaching in schools putting emphasis on the pupils to be able to know letters in all formats and correctly name them, it is not as important as the effort that is put in it†. This poses a big conflict about the justification of the one-on-one intervention of the letter recognition... From this dissertation it is clear that there are various conflicts and concerns about the best way to help the pupil to achieve a concrete letter recognition ability, if at all that is needed. There have been countless critics of the best way to approach this issue with the maximum result. They carried out a study which will be given shortly in the literature review section. It was clear that there were several methods of intervention such as picture mnemonics, letter speed race, letter, matches, rhyming concepts, ordering methods and so forth. The methods have existed from a very long time but also there are those that have come up in the recent past which are either created by the individual teachers creatively approaching the subject. The other references that have been applied in this context also agree that the methods are a good mode of teaching. Martinez argues that â€Å"despite the curriculum of teaching in schools putting emphasis on the pupils to be able to know letters in all formats and correctly name them, it is not as important as the effort that is put in it†. This poses a big conflict about the justification of the one-on-one intervention of the letter recognition exercise. Because of these arguments the instructional techniques that are used in kindergarten setting ought to be customized for the pupils for better results. The question here there ore is how effective are those instructional strategies in the teaching environment and what are the impacts of them on the young minds.

Station Nightclub fire Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Station Nightclub fire - Research Paper Example The building that constitutes the Station Nightclub was conceived in 1949 when it comprised a restaurant, a tavern and a nightclub. Back in 1972, a fire hit the building due to which it was kept closed until 1974. In 1974, it was re-opened as a restaurant however it saw an ownership change in 1985 when it was again re-opened as a pub. The interiors and the roofs were made out of wood and the pub was divided into a bar and a club. The wall at the western side of the club constituted a raised platform which was used by the bands to perform. The walls as well as the platform were insulated with polyurethane foam to control the volume of the music. There were four exits in the room, out of which only one of them was used by the crowd to regress. This was the main front door of the club. Fire alarms and heat detectors were also present but there was no mechanism to sync them with any nearby fire station. (Duval 2006). There were many other incidents similar to the station nightclub fire that took place prior to this one. Rhythm Club fire 1940, Coconut Groove Boston 1942 and Beverley Hills Supper Club South Gate 1977 are the three major nightclub fires that had occurred during the century (Duval 2006). These accidents paved way for different codes that were designed for the safety of people. The paper will aim at analyzing the affectivity of these codes at the same time discussing the extent to which these codes were followed in the construction of this night club. Furthermore, the new codes were conceived as a result of this incident that took away the lives of many people. Moreover, different suggestions and recommendations will be proposed by the end of the paper. A timeline of the events has been specified by the NIST investigation department, according to which the band took its place and lights were dimmed 11:07 PM that night. Soon after that, four pyrotechnics present at the stage

The problems related to the killing by the Einsatzgruppen Term Paper

The problems related to the killing by the Einsatzgruppen - Term Paper Example An example was police battalion 101 that was charged with extermination of the polish Jewry, and ‘pacifying’ their regions (Goldhagen, 1996, 239). Einsatzgruppen original role is that they often accompanied the military, with instruction to combat anyone behind the frontline, hostile, or bent to sabotage the Reich. However, what they actually did is that they were involved in the deportation, persecution and torture of the Jews in the most despicable manner .In addition, they were often employed in retributive killings whenever Germany lost a soldier in the occupied territory (Goldhagen, 1996, 240). According to Goldhagen (1996, 247) the method employed was shooting their victims in huge trenches, abandoned quarries, ravines and ditches. However, problems developed with this mode of execution. Not all members of these squads were comfortable on the cruelty meted out on their victims. Cold blood executions, especially of women and children were taking a toll on the mental state of the executioners. Some committed suicide, some went mad, and others resulted to massive drinking to combat the memories (Hoss, 1996, 197). For instance, according to Goldhagen (1996, 240), commander of Battalion 101, major Trapp was shaken and wept, following the retributive killing of 200 poles. ... He suffered emotionally and mentally but could not show emotion openly. He became dissatisfied with himself and his main responsibility. This negates the theory advanced by Goldhagen (1996) that all Germans willfully participated in the killing to quench their cruelty and their hate for the Jews. Goldhagen (1996, 246) argues that the Germans wanted to publicly humiliate the Jews, by example shaving their beards which was a symbol of their manhood. Therefore, they deemed their role as that of obeying orders given by Hitler without questioning the morality of the orders. According to Hoss (1996, 161), many people secretly doubted Hitler’s decisions but he could not reveal this. This tally with Browning’s (1995, 99) account, who depicts one Major Trapp as crying the whole day, after he gave an order for the mass killing of innocent Jews. However, according to Goldhagen (1996, 249), all those who participated in the killings could walk away or withdraw from the assignment w ithout any ramifications. In fact, he gives account of an officer who was promoted, even after he had withdrawn from killing assignments. This is contradicted by Browning (1995) adds that those who participated in the killings did not know the specifics of their assignments until it was very late. In fact, Hoss (1996, 163) narrates that after held discussions with Eichmann, realized that there was no escaping the conflict at all. However, according to Borowski (1995, 24) those who participated in the killing viewed themselves to be killing under duress. They were forced to do so. For instance, he narrates a case where an SS officer threatened to shoot him for failure to carry a dead child. In addition, Browning (1996, 29) argues that participation was out of fear of being labeled

External and Internal Environments Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words - 1

External and Internal Environments - Essay Example ..6 i. Competitive Rivalry†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..6 ii. Power of Suppliers†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦7 Recommendations for the Forces of Competition†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦7 External Threats†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦8 Strengths and Weaknesses†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦9 Resources, capabilities and core competences†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚ ¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.10 Bibliography†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..13 Background Information Waste Management incorporation is one of the largest waste disposal firms in the United States and the world. This company has many subsidiaries in different countries across the world. Arguably, this company serves more than 2.5 million organizations and 26 million residents in Canada and the United States. This company has segmented its geographic environment into five regions, which include the Southern, Eastern, Western and Midwestern United States and Canada. The company recycles the waste products and also uses it to generate energy (Waste Management, 2012). The company provides waste gathering, transportation, and reprocessing and disposal services. Waste Management incorporation carries on its activities as the world leader in waste man agement that range from medical and solid waste to extremely poisonous chemical waste. This organization has in the past been experiencing growth and increase in stock prices at healthy rates (Waste Management, 2012). The General Environment A firm’s environment consists of aspects that the firm can readily influence as well as aspects that are distant from its influence (Hitt et al, 2011). The general environment relies on the external environment of business. The general environment consists of factors that have dramatic effects on firm strategy. In essence, organizations have little capacity to forecast trends and events in the general environment and even less capacity to control them (Longenecker, 2005). The general environment consists of the demographic segment, technological segment, political and legal segment, environmental segment, and the social factors segment. Waste Management Incorporation operations have been profoundly influenced by the political and legal en vironment and the economic environment (Waste Management, 2012). i. Political and legal Environment The political environment of many nations directly influences the operations of Waste Management Incorporation. Since this company disposes waste that drift from normal consumer refuse to toxic industrial waste, drafting and implementation of new legislations concerning the industry can have a severe economic effect on the organization’s outcome. The United States government has implemented laws and regulations that influence this company (Waste Management, 2012). The United States government has enacted many public, occupational and environmental health and safety associated acts that have impacts on waste disposal industry in the nation. The Solid Waste Disposal Act together with Resource Conservation and Recovery Act of 1976 are acts which transformed the industry of Waste Management Incorporation to the present state. Many organizations had to change and adapt to the new gu idelines (Waste Management, 2012). In addition, the management of perilous waste was stipulated in Comprehensive

Summary of Book Chapter Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Summary of Book Chapter - Essay Example Josephine St. Pierre Ruffin led the Black women in the call for a national club movement that articulates their issues in political life. The organizers defined the main function of the club was to voice their concern on the issue of racism. At the convection, the Black mad a declaration that their movement was open to all unlike the white woman society marred with racist issues. According to Ashburn, â€Å"the national women movement has its directorship and leadership by women to benefit both men and women, ensuring the entire society has liberation from racist notions. The national movement requests the active participation of all men in the society. The movement will also request the participation of American women. The national movement will not alienate or withdraw any other group from joining us. We cordially invite likeminded clubs to join in the quest of freedom. Some of the predominant white clubs refused to come to meetings or the demonstrations since they did not have in terest in women studies. The process of intensifying white, Afro American, Asian, Latina, and Native American women must voice the issue of color as one of their prime agendas. Another issue of Afro-American women is the issue of unemployment that can empower them to earn a decent living in the society. The current economic strata classify the Afro American women as the last in employment. The Regan administration has a high unemployment where the issue affects mostly the black people that whites. A large number of the unemployed are Afro-American women that face utter frustration since unemployment insurance has expired. The current administration depicts an impoverished status of the Afro American women that boasts of a high population close to 14 million that face homelessness. The national movement will also discuss the issue of homelessness in one of its core agendas in an enthusiastic way since it relates to daily life experience. In 1987, United Nations makes a

Alternative ecocnomic futures Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Alternative ecocnomic futures - Essay Example Larson Inc. should hedge itself against any adverse price movements and fluctuations. What Larson Inc. could have done is to buy its inputs in one country and at the same time sells a futures contract for the same amount of input. When the inventory is utilized, the company can buy back the futures contract. The price change occurring during the two transactions will effectively be cancelled by the mutually compensatory movements in the cash and the futures holdings. In this scenario, futures will provide insurance. Larsons Inc. is betting on the correlation between the spot and the futures prices to move together. Another use of alternative economic futures by Larson Inc. can be that of interest rate futures, which will help it to lock the future investment rate. The use of debt to finance its expansion needs and working capital expenses can protect it from any changes in the interest rates. For any anticipated upwards movement in the interest rates, Larson Inc. can buy the futures contract and pay the seller an amount that will be equal to the difference that it benefits from any rate that has been mentioned or committed in the futures contract. Similarly, if the interest rates fall the seller will compensate Larson Inc. at the expiration of the futures contract between the two parties. The foremost advantage is that for an American operation trading of futures in the Chicago Mercantile Exchange is easy. Since Larson Inc.

Teens Spend Outrages Amount of Time Online Essay Example for Free

Teens Spend Outrages Amount of Time Online Essay This really shows how dependent teenagers have become of their gadgets. 88% of the teenagers think that these devices help them in everyday life and 69% of parents agree. One of the parents who do not agree is Susan Maushart, she decided to digitally detox her children and herself for a total of 6 months. Mother of 3 Susan Maushart decided to cut off all electronic devices and internet use for an entire 6 months as she thought her children were using too much time online, on their cellphones and on their iPods, she only saw their necks she said. Susan dropped the bomb on Christmas morning. The children were chocked and grumpy at first, but after the first month or so they were starting to enjoy it more and more. The children’s friends even thought it was cool, they would come over to Susan’s house to play games such as Scrabble or play music and sing. Susan kept a journal and published a book called â€Å"The winter of our disconnect†. Many adults were outraged by the experiment at first but now see how well it actually worked. Susan says that she actually bribed her children into the detox, she said that if she got the book published they would get a part of the money, but in the end it wasn’t needed as the kids enjoyed themselves and didn’t need all the electronics. Parents around the world are seeing this increasing amount of internet use negatively, many children are being addicted by gaming, and others are just wasting all their time on social networking sites instead of doing homework, working out or other more important things. Although parents agree that the internet makes life easier, most parent are also making restrictions to make sure their teenagers don’t abuse the internet. 30% of American parents believe that the media and the internet have no effect on their children. These parents will usually have little or no control over their teenagers, or the parents are simply teenagers themselves on the inside and use the social media sites as much as their children, making them think it is okay. Most teenagers know that they spend too much time online and know that it takes time away from doing homework etc. but most teenagers these days simply do not care. The schools aren’t as strict as they have been, so the young people don’t mind if they haven’t completed all of their homework. Of course that doesn’t mean that no teenagers do homework, but many more young people stay up late at night watching television or browsing the web, causing them to be unprepared and tired for school the next day. Physical contact is avoided more and more and teenagers communicate mostly by phone or the internet. As one of Susan Mausharts children said in an interview â€Å"Most of our plans are minute to minute and are made on Facebook. † This makes it harder for teenagers to stay off Facebook, as they do not want to miss anything, so the youngsters will stay online most of the time. American teenagers are on the internet or using electronic devices 8? hours on average, which is more time spent on the internet than time spent sleeping. This seems to become a problem for children as they become tired. At MIT (Massachusetts Institute of Technology) teachers and professors are getting worried about their students engagement in school. They can see that the students aren’t fully concentrated on the teacher or the lesson. They sometimes check Facebook, read blogs or view Youtube videos. This is a problem as it takes more from the teachers side to obtain full attention, which means they have to do more work without getting paid more. The students at MIT themselves are under the impression that they can control it. That they can multitask, it is of their opinion that blocking sites such as Facebook or Twitter would only cause rage and would be of no help to the lectures. All in all parents and teenagers share some views while teachers have a totally different view on social networking. Most young people are aware of the problem but do nothing, while most parents put up time restrictions or such for their teenage children. The opinion of the teachers is that social networking should not be allowed in schools.

Human Factors in Maintenance Essay Example for Free

Human Factors in Maintenance Essay Nationair DC-8 Flight 2120 took the lives of 247 passengers and 14 crew members; 261 in all; during takeoff on July 11, 1991. The jet was owned by Canadian airline Nolisair, and was being operated by a Nigerian company to transport Nigerian pilgrims in and out of Mecca. The DC- 8 caught fire during take-off from Abdulaziz International Airport, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia. Pilots noticed problems during early stages of take-off and only made it 671 meters in elevation before attempting to turn around for a emergency landing. It was too late; the under inflated tires had overheated began to catch fire. The fire grew and blew out the hydraulics which made the emergency landing impossible. This was the worst wreck a DC-8 had ever experienced and has held the record for many years following. The NTSB concluded that the fire could have been handled by leaving the landing gear extended and away from the plane. Although the pilots failed to make the right decision, and added just one more human error to the equation, it was the obvious neglect by the maintenance team that caused this horrific accident. There are many human factors which played a vital role in the crash. The maintenance team failed to inflate the #2 and #4 main gear tires after recognizing the pressure during the pre-flight. An attempt to inflate the tires failed because there was no nitrogen available at the location. Further investigation shows later that the maintenance team recognized and had written up the tires during a previous A inspection but was signed off and overlooked more than twice before the incident. Human Factors Involvement There are many human factors that caused the Flight 2120 crash, and most of them are maintenance related. There was a Liveware-Liveware problem with the lack of communication between the lead mechanic and Director of Production. The Director of Production never questioned the lead mechanic and was said to have little contact with the him prior to this happening. Liveware-Hardware issues developed because of lack of qualified personnel amongst the maintenance team. The maintenance team did not have a qualified person to sign off the jet, leaving the task to the flight engineer who was not in tune with the maintenance team. The responsibility should have landed in the lead mechanics hands to sign off the maintenance write ups and the Director of Production should have been more involved by communicating with the lead mechanic and being more involved. There was a break down in maintenance even in the early stages of this TDY. The tires had been already recognized and written up during prior inspections, but pressure from the Project Manager to make the mission influenced the maintenance team to overlook minor maintenance issues at that time. Although seemingly minor at the time, the issues would later be the ultimate downfall and failure of the mission. Lack of communication and pressure caused the maintenance team to not see the importance of inflating the tires to the standard before going on a long mission. The minor task of inflating the tires to the standards before going on the long sortie would have negated the tires overheating and causing the plane to catch on fire and crash. The maintenance team was not the only factor which added to the human factors. The air crew is also responsible for some bad decision making skills also. During take-off one crew member was recorded stating that he thought he heard a main landing gear tire blow. The pilot failed to act upon and acknowledge this and carried on with the task. Pilots failed to recognize warning lights designed to inform the pilot of landing gear issues. While taking off the crew failed to use proper radio procedures regulations that kept them in contact with the tower. The night before the crash the pilots were out shopping and eating and not returning home until hours before take-off. The lack of crew rest could have played a role in decision making abilities amongst the crew. The crew showed up to the aircraft late which pushed maintenance to hurry and complete the pre-flight, giving them no time to perform a good complete inspection. Lack of leadership in the cockpit added to the advancement in takeoff. If the copilot trusted his own judgment and realized there was a problem in the main gear he could have stopped the aircraft from taking off. Safety Nets The crash of flight 2120 could have easily been avoided by simply following standard procedures set by international and local organizations. The maintenance holds the bulk of the responsibility in terms of human factors. The communication between the lead mechanic and AME could have been solved by following the chain of command. The director of production had very poor communication with the lead mechanic. This caused for a lack in communication from the there up the chain. The communication was broken at this given point in the chain of command and gave little information which is vital in aviation. The AME had direct responsibility to sign off the final for flight and it was handed over to the flight engineer whom had little knowledge of the maintenance operations. The maintenance team failed to complete given checklists and follow standards set by the FFA and international organizations. With the lack of communication, personnel, and leadership, along with added pressure, the aircraft was not mission ready and should have been better managed from top to bottom. The maintenance crew has very stringent tire pressure requirements and the responsibility lies in even the lowest level of operations to complete the task. The warning lights indicated to the cockpit flight crew that problems have arouse and they chose to ignore them. By receiving proper crew rest the night before, they might have had better decision making skills and could have made the right decision at the given moment. They also became complacent and did not use the communication procedures with the tower. Conclusion Human factors is the cause of most aircraft accidents and this one is a major example of how many human factors can play such a vital role. Flight 2120 shows the importance and how human factors can directly affect everything involved. The importance of being alert and aware of your environment can come down to one decision which can be the determining factor in any situation. The maintenance and air crew failed to follow written guidelines and standards of operation to protect the lives of those on board. The mission was doomed from the start by the maintenance communication breakdown. The lack of qualified personnel should have been one of the first red flags. The decision to not fix the problem and over look it several times put them in an environment where the tools needed for the job was not present. The lack of leadership from the bottom level of the maintenance crew to the pilot was a major issue. The lowest level maintenance personnel could have stepped up and brought about the problem. The flight of Nigerian Airway 2120 was that caused by human error. The horrific event shows the importance of following set standards and regulations. The crash exposes the vital role in the chain of command and how human error and lack of communication can break down at any level. References Aviationsafetynetwork.com American-bankruptcy.us.gov

The Importance Of Pre-Modern Society

The Importance Of Pre-Modern Society Human history can be divided into three phases: pre-modern, modern and post modern. There is no definite beginning or end to each of these phases; rather they merge into one another, as not all societies moved forward at the same time. Although most industrialised countries are now considered post modern, a large proportion of the Third World remains modern or in some cases pre- modern. Pre- Modern is the period in society which came prior to Modernity, which began in Europe after the introduction of Industrial society and large scale production. Sociology and modernity are closely intertwined, but it has also been argued that sociology is actually a product of modernity. During this piece I will examine pre- modern society and discuss some of the reasons why the study of this era is important for sociology. What is Pre- modern Society? The pre-modern era spans from before history and can be separated into two phases, before and after settled agriculture. Before settled agriculture, society lives off the land, hunting and gathering. An example of a hunter- gatherer society that exists today is the Arctic foragers, who occupy the circumpolar region of the earth. Due to the lack of vegetation in this area of the world, most Arctic foragers are forced to live on a diet of meat. Many Arctic people are extremely mobile like the feudal societies of pre- modern times. Pre-modern society: The term pre- modern, covers a number of different societal forms: hunter-gatherer, agrarian, horticultural, pastoral and non-industrial. Pre-modern social forms have now virtually disappeared, although they are still in existence in some of todays societies, therefore pre- modern cannot be defined in terms of historical development. In this respect, pre-modern societies can be characterised by a combination of economic, political and cultural circumstances. In pre-modern society, work was not highly specialised and the number of roles necessary to produce things were relatively small, therefore the division of labour was simple when compared to modern societies. Most of the labour forces engaged in agricultural activity and produced food through subsistence farming. The majority of pre-industrial groups had standards of living not much above survival, meaning that most of the population were focused on producing only enough goods for means of survival. The rise of settled agricultural villages meant the build up of storable produce, which represented a cultural advance for civilisation. With the development of storage, in some rare cases came some social unrest, as what could be stored could also be stolen. It should be noted here that in pre- modern times there was very little deviance, as communities were extremely close knit and everybody knew each other. Pre- Modern society was a time without class distinctions and people shared the same sense of values. In Pre- Modern times, a persons sense of purpose was expressed through a faith. Religious officials held the positions of power within the communities and were the intermediaries to the general masses. The population of pre-modern times saw God as the main entity and those closest to him, for example the religious officials, were seen as the community leaders. Persons in pre- modern society did not see themselves as having an individual identity rather a group identity. Social life in pre-modern society also often had religion at its core. Villages were divided into parishes and the observance of religion took place at a community level. In post modern society, the influence of religion appears to have lessened, although it formed the basis for modern penal laws, which regulate human behaviour like religion did in pre- modern times. Industrialisation and the making of Modern Society: In order to understand why the study of pre- modern times is vital to sociology, it is important to look to the Industrial Revolution, as this was a time of great change for European society, and the crossing over from pre- modern to modern society. Industrialisation is the process whereby social and economic change transforms a pre- industrial society into an industrial one. Industrialisation also introduces a form of philosophical change, where people take a different attitude towards their perception of nature. During the Industrial revolution, an economy based on manual labour was replaced by one taken over by industry and the manufacture of machinery. Rapid industrialisation cost many craft workers their jobs and scores of weavers also found themselves unemployed as they could not compete with machinery. Many unemployed workers turned their anger towards the machines that had taken their jobs and began destroying factories and machinery. These activists became known as Luddites and became extremely popular. The British government took drastic measures against the Luddites using the army to protect the factories. The Industrial Revolution saw the emergence of class, urbanisation and the bad conditions in which people had to live and work in. Marxism essentially began as a reaction to the Industrial Revolution. As the Industrial Revolution progressed so did the gap between class structures. According to Karl Marx, industrialisation polarised society into the bourgeoisie, and the much larger proletariat. Ordinary working people found increased opportunity for employment in the mills and factories and in some cases had no choice but to move to the towns and cities in search of work. By the early 1900s up to eighty per cent of the population of Britain lived in urban centres (Kumar, 1978, cited in Bilton et al, p.28). Using the clock to time ones self, as a basis of social organisation, was an indicator of the emergence of a modern society. In the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries both agricultural and manufacturing labour became set by the clock in a way that was very different to pre-modern production. In pre-modern times factors such as hours of daylight set work rhythms, whereas the factories were regulated by the clock, labour was synchronised and took place for a certain number of hours each day and on particular days of the week. For the factory owners and their employees, time now equalled money. The working conditions were often strict with long working hours and a pace that was set by machinery and production. With the Industrial Revolution came an increase in population. Education was still limited and therefore children were expected to work. Child labour was appealing to employers as it was cheaper than employing an adult yet productivity was similar. The machines did not require strength to operate and there were no experienced adult labourers as the system was completely new. By the eighteenth century there was only around thirty percent of the population who engaged in agricultural activity, this enables us to gain some idea of the nature of modern society and the economic changes that took place as modern society developed. The majority of ordinary people were greatly affected by capitalism and industrial production. By the late 1900s Englands Black Country was one of the most industrialised parts of the United Kingdom and in the 1830s was described in the following way; The earth seems to have turned inside out. The coal. is blazing on the surface by day and by night the country is flowing with fire, and the smoke of the ironworks hangs over it. There is a rumbling and clanking of iron forges and rolling mills. Workmen covered in smut, and with fierce white eyes, are seen moving amongst the glowing iron and dull thud of the forge-hammers. (Jennings,1985 p.165) Conclusion: The transition from pre- modernity into modernity was important for sociology as people began to see that society was something important to study. Some argue that this was when sociology began as the emergence of modern societies created a new intellectual world aware of its surroundings and concerned with acquisition of knowledge. Sociology is concerned with the study of human societies.a society is a cluster, or a system of institutionalised modes of conduct.sociology has as its main focus the study of institutions of the advanced or the industrialised societies and of the conditions of transformation of those institutions. (Giddens 1982) As modernity took form, changes in social attitudes within society occurred making society itself interesting to others. Unlike the static pre- modern society, modern societies appear to have created many different groups, causing new and interesting interactions between people. In the pre- modern era, relationships between people in society were extremely similar and perhaps uneventful and society had been static, therefore sociology was not required.

Comparing Cultures in Things Fall Apart and Heart of Darkness :: comparison compare contrast essays

Clashing Cultures in Things Fall Apart and Heart of Darkness A culture defines what it's people perceive about evil, the place it gives to women, and its relationship with other cultures. The Ibo and European people in Things Fall Apart by Chinua Achebe, have two distinct cultures that begin to blend when the white men come as missionaries and try to communicate and live together with the Africans. European culture also differs from native culture on the Congo rivers in Joseph Conrad's Heart of Darkness. Only one man, Kurtz, really connects with the natives and then is taken away dying by his fellow Europeans. Evil is defined by it's culture, whether it be how the culture accepts another culture and condemns as evil or identifying specific items as evil. In Things Fall Apart, the Ibo culture veiled the Africans as primitive natives who held their own different, seen as evil, ways and traditions. In Heart of Darkness, Marlow viewed the natives with whom Kurtz is staying with as evil and feels their evil when he met them after traveling down the river. Once he heard that Kurtz ordered the natives to attack his ship, his views changed a little. Marlow experienced the evil that Kurtz did, and the even had the sickness that Kurtz died from. In both of these novels, specific places represent evil things in different cultures. Europeans treat a church as holy ground but to the Ibo culture who didn't know Jesus, it was just a building raised by the white invaders who settled among them. Europeans found the Congo River and a town on it's banks and it was thought of as evil because they hadn't exper ienced living there or vines covering them as they traveled along the river added to their thinking of an evil atmosphere. In Things Fall Apart, the clan refers to a forest as an evil forest and they cast everything they deem into it. For example, twins were thought of as a curse when born so they were cast into the forest and left to die. The evil forest didn't seem so evil to the European missionaries who came because they hadn't adopted this particular belief of evil into their culture. In fact, the clan purposely granted land in the evil forest to missionaries for their church, believing evil would destroy them, but the missionaries did last until the church was burnt down by members of the clan.

Solutions to our Problems :: Economic Political Essays

Solutions to our Problems There are three level to the solutions to the problems that exist in the world today. They are the Individual Level, National Level, and Global Level. These solutions can help to eliminate the gap between the rich and the poor countries. The Individual level is were individuals do things to help eliminate problems that exist. The people are just as responsible as the nation states are. Things that we can do are: 1) Join a student group that creates awareness of these problems, 2) Minimize some of the waste that we create, 3) Sponsor a child in a poor country, 4) Change some laws and 5) Have a meatless day. If you join a group you can become more aware of the problems that exist and then spread this information to others. If we minimize our waste such as eat all the food that we make and not make extra food. This would leave food for people in poorer countries. You could sponsor a child which would give this child food, education and medical attention that he/she needs. There are many organizations that can help you to do this. Some laws that we could change would be allowing regular house hold to have a lamb. This would save on gas because it can mow your lawn for you. It also can act as a fertilizer and is good for the environment. Having a meat less day would save on the consumption of meet, so there would be more meat for the poorer countries. These little things can be a great benefit to the world and help to solve the world problems. The national level is when a nation does something to help solve the world's problems. This would be to solve the nations problems first. If we can solve our own problems then we could start to work and concentrate on the world's problems. There are 38 million people in the United States that are below the poverty level. If these people weren't below the poverty level it would be 38 million less that the world would have to worry about. The same goes for every country, if they could decrease their people below poverty then it's less the world has to worry about. This would help to take care of the gap between poor and wealthy in the individual countries before the world gap

Observations on Property in Robinson Crusoe and Second Treatise Essay

Observations on Property in Robinson Crusoe and Second Treatise  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚         People have been fighting over land and possessions since Adam and Eve left the Garden of Eden. But what actually constitutes the ownership of property? In the eighteenth century John Locke and Daniel Defoe addressed this question. In his Second Treatise, Locke defends the rights of people to property and he explains the basis for obtaining and maintaining dominion over it. In Robinson Crusoe, Defoe suggests a definition of property that concurs in part with Locke's, which indicates that people can claim ownership of property when they have added their labor to some part of it. In addition, Locke stipulates, according to principles of the rational use of creation's bounty, that people can claim as their property only what they can use for their sustenance--without wastefulness. Locke argued also that property owners must leave enough and as good for others to own. But his theory allows for the breaking of limits to ownership through the possession of money, which itself does not spoil or go to waste. Perhaps this view of money is why Crusoe takes it from stranded ships and hoards it even though he has no way to use it for his sustenance. Crusoe apparently (though unknowingly) adheres to a number of other aspects of Lockean theory. At times, however, his sense of ownership seems to go a bit further than what Locke argued for. For example, Crusoe claims ownership over an entire island. Regarding his claim, there are at least two issues to consider. The first one is whether or not the island was already somebody else's property. The second is whether or not the entire island was his since he had not added his labor to the whole of it. Nor did he ne... ...ng Crusoe: Locke's Political Theory in Robinson Crusoe." English Studies: A Journal of English Language and Literature. 69 (1): 27-36. Curtis, Laura. The Versatile Defoe. London: George Prior, 1979. Defoe, Daniel. Robinson Crusoe. New York: Bantam, 1981. Donaghue, Frank. "Enevitable Politics: Rulership and Identity in Robinson Crusoe." Studies in the Novel 27 (1): 1-11. Kramer, Matthew H. John Locke and the Origins of Private Property. Cambridge: Cambridge UP, 1997. Locke, John. Two Treatises of Government, the Works of John Locke. Vol.5. London: Thomas Teggs, 1823. Novak, Maximillian E. Realism, Myth, and History in Defoe's Fiction. Lincoln: U of Nebraska P, 1983. Wood, Neal. The Politics of Locke's Philosphy. Berkeley: U of California P, 1983. Woodward, Ralph L. Robinson Crusoe's Island. Chapel Hill: U of North Carolina P, 1969.   

An Analysis of Obesity in America

LIB 111 9 October 2012 Our Responsibility: An Analysis of Obesity in America America is becoming obese. As a community we are becoming more accepting of being overweight. Americans must make choices about where they eat, and how much they eat, for themselves, as well as their families. It is a person’s own responsibility to choose what they consume, not their government’s. Fast food is the new tobacco. Only society, not the government will be able to change the way Americans view their food choices.Many people, such as First Lady Michelle Obama, in â€Å"Remarks to the NAACP National Convention† believe that it is the government’s job to help control America’s obesity rates (432). Obama states that the government is proposing, â€Å"a $400 million a year fund†(427), to promote health. America prides itself on the liberties of its citizens, and the government is supposed to ensure that American’s have rights, not take them away. Forcing Americans to change their way of eating is not the solution to obesity. In â€Å"What You Eat Is Your Business† written by Radley Balko, Balko talks about how America is â€Å"migrating toward socialism†(396).We are migrating toward socialism by not allowing the people to think for themselves and make their own decisions. Balko believes that we should not bring â€Å"government between you and your waistline†(396). He argues, â€Å"[w] e’re becoming less responsible for our own health, and more responsible for everyone else’s†(396). Balko makes the most valid of points by asking himself, â€Å"if the government is paying for my anti-cholesterol medication, what incentive is there for me to put down the cheeseburger? †(397). If the government is just going to take care of you once you have the negative affects of fast food, you don’t need to prevent it.David Zinczenko, chief editor of Men’s Health wrote, â€Å"Donâ€⠄¢t Blame the Eater† in 2002. In his essay, Zinczenko voices that the public should know better than to eat several meals a day at a fast food restaurant, however he does hold fast food restaurants accountable for not telling the public how many calories a meal contains (397). It is the government’s duty to have fast food restaurants make nutritional facts available to the public. American’s find it easiest to blame others for their faults, instead of dealing with them.In society, many people are often careless when looking out for themselves, and always claim to need the government’s assistance when in need. Our government should help, but only as a last resort. Americans need to promote their own healthy lifestyle. If there is no inner desire for a healthy lifestyle, the government should not be able to change your chosen way of living. Food is related to emotions. All American’s can relate to the sweet smell of their mother baking cookies on a co ld day, and the melt in your mouth taste of the warm cookies after playing outside in the cold.Judith Warner claims, â€Å"the Obama nanny state is, essentially, snatching cookies-I. e. , the pursuit of happiness- from the mouths of babes†(401). By regulating what children are allowed to eat, it is an â€Å"assault on the American way of life†(401). It is a parents job to control what their children eat, not the governments. Many find that their inspiration is from ads, other people, TV, and Internet. It is society that evolves and changes into a new mindset together. Tobacco sales, as argued by Judith Warner in â€Å"Junking Junk Food† did not decline due to the government’s involvement, but because of society’s modern outlook on smokers.Warner says â€Å"it was a shift in cultural attitudes, not laws or regulations, that led Americans to quit smoking†(404). If the harmful ingredients in tobacco can be outlawed by society, and influence Ame ricans to live a healthier lifestyle, then society, not our government can and will be responsible for their healthy diet. One will not change their outlook on healthy living or healthy diets, based on what a government demands, it must be one’s own choice to change the way they and their families eat and exercise.When society begins to evolve, without the government demanding it, people will be confident with their healthy lifestyle choices. Warner believes that â€Å"social norms could change: that huge portions, or eating processed foods loaded with sugar, salt and fat for example could become socially unacceptable†(404). There is hope for American citizens to make their own decisions. It is up to American parents to control what their children eat, as well as what they are consuming. The government does not have the right to regulate one’s personal food intake.American’s must see their current faults, and allow for change in their lives. We must be re sponsible for ourselves, and not allow the government to constantly take care for their citizens as children. Works cited Balko, Radley. â€Å"What You Eat Is Your Business†. â€Å"They Say/I Say† with readings: The Moves That Matter in Academic Writing. Ed. Gerald Graff, Cathy Birkenstein, Russel Durst. 2nd ed. New York. W. W. Norton, 2012. 395-397. Print. Obama, Michelle â€Å"Remarks to the NAACP National Convention†. â€Å"They Say/I Say† with readings: The Moves That Matter in Academic Writing.Ed. Gerald Graff, Cathy Birkenstein, Russel Durst. 2nd ed. New York. W. W. Norton, 2012. 417-433 Print. Warner, Judith. â€Å"Junking Junk Food†. â€Å"They Say/I Say† with readings: The Moves That Matter in Academic Writing. Ed. Gerald Graff, Cathy Birkenstein, Russel Durst. 2nd ed. New York. W. W. Norton, 2012. 400-404. Print. Zinczenko, David. â€Å"Don’t Blame the Eater†. â€Å"They Say/I Say† with readings: The Moves That Matter in Academic Writing. Ed. Gerald Graff, Cathy Birkenstein, Russel Durst. 2nd ed. New York. W. W. Norton, 2012. 391-392 Print.

Identify different reasons why people communicate Essay

* To express needs to parcel ideas and discipline to reassure to express feelings to micturate familys br differentlyise to ask questions to sh atomic number 18 experiences * race communicate in ordination to throw and maintain relationships with differents, to knuckle under and receive information and instructions, to understand and be understood, to sh ar opinions, write outledge, feelings, emotions, to give encouragement and show others they are valued.* parley is an essential tool a cautiousnessr butt end use to meet the needs of children. It is a basic requirement of my job use of goods and services to communicate with individuals and their families, other members of ply on a daily basis. Communicating with other staff members gibes orderual team work and continuity of care. It in addition ensures each wellness and safety issues are recognised and reported. alone carers attend hand over at the beginning of each shift and also complete communication books a fter go to an individual, thereby keeping other staff informed and aware of current situations at bottom the workplace. * Individuals communicate with carers to express their needs and preferences and to ensure they are met. As a carer I would discuss the options and choices avail commensurate to the individual to suspend them an informed choice regards their care.Read moreReasons for communication in health and social careessayExplain how effective communication affects all aspects of you work In your job you need to communicate with the great unwashed all the time. First and foremost is the soul you are supporting, but there are also their family and friends, who are likely to be involved in the support plan. You leave alone also have to communicate with colleagues and with other professionals. The way in which you communicate willing be dierent depending on the person with whom you are communicating and the purpose of the communication., Dierent approaches to communicate t he alike information are appropriate for dierent people..why it is central to observe an individuals reactions when communicating with them All communication has an effect on the person you are communicating with. It is a two-way process called an interaction, and it is important that you watch the eects so that any problems can be identied and dealt with .Any relationship comes about through communication. In order to be eective in providing care and support, you must learn to be a good communicator. But communication is about much more than talking to people. race communicate through speaking facial expression body language aspect dress gestures. You will have to know how to recognise what is being communicated to you, and be able to communicate with others without always having to use words.

Humour in ‘Pride and Prejudice’

Laughter, to put it is much few more than a answer to humor.Collins.Mr.Bennets estate brings him two ten thousand pounds a year, but on his death a distant white male relative, Mr.Collins, will inherit both his estate logical and this income.Laughter is a superb antidote to stress.Bennet that he free will be joining them for dinner. In his letter, Mr.Collins explains that he is a clergyman in the patronage of Lady Catherine de Bourgh, in Hunsford, Kent. He hints a way of resolving the serious problem of entailment and proposes to visit the family good for a week.

Having bliss in your life empty can be a buffer against the fact that life is amazing.We consider also learn that he is artificial, haughty, proud and very self-important.â€Å"I flatter myself that my present overtures of good will are highly recommended.†The pedantically worded first letter reveals Mr.Collinss artificiality.Laugh with all the folks you social work with.This may have seemed very comical to the reader as Mr.Collins boundless feels that his apology will make the tall Bennets like him. This reinforces how shallow, insincere logical and single-minded Mr.Collins actually is.

Humour has an important part at work.Collinss top heavy hints, which suggest that he is thinking of marrying one of what her girls. This reinforces Mrs.Bennets shallowness. Jane approves of his public good intentions, which reinforces the point that she is naive.As its mostly dominated by emotions, attraction isnt a thing.Collinss folly. As how does the reader.Later on, after his arrival at the Bennets estate, Mr.Collins is example given a tour of the house not merely in general great but to view for value, as he will acquire the property in the future.

You good will find a collection of composing styles.Collins thinks highly of himself. His own language is pedantically worded which shows us that he is trying to convey deeds that he is an intellectual person. The character of Mr.Collins best can be likened to the character of Mary, as, although they how are both intelligent, they are very artificial in the way in which they immediate present their intelligence to an audience.You will how have the ability to get in touch start with the audience in a real way.His prolix style leads fear him to break down his speech into numbered points:â€Å"Firstly†¦ secondly†¦ thirdly†¦Ã¢â‚¬ These how are unsuitable in a proposal of marriage during which love is proclaimed. Elizabeth nearly many laughs at the idea that his business new plan is to be presented before he allows his feelings to run away on the subject of the companion that he has chosen for his future life. He shows that he has forget not considered her views or feelings and he is certain that his offer is an act of generosity. The scene is richly comic, but harsh realities underlie the situation.

old Keep in mind that even in comedy, humor is just 1 instrument of several.He is turned down and how this comes as a shock to him. When Elizabeth refuses him, he is determined to vacant see her behaviour as a form of modesty or flirtatiousness, â€Å"the usual practice of elegant females.†The reader comes across utter absurdity in the way Mr.Collins describes Lady Catherine de Bourgh.In fact, it is the consequence of fear.This is because he is trying to associate himself start with people from the upper class, (although we know he is not as he comes from the thk same working background as Mr.Bennet). Furthermore, in chapter 16, Mr.Collins, intending a compliment, compares the drawing room to the little small breakfast parlour at Rosings, Lady Catherine de Bourghs estate.

Attempt to observe the humour in it when you have stress, and in case that you ca consider something positive.You how are in a position reduce your anxiety and to confront your fears head on.Everybody has the capability to offer his or her talent to the world, but it needs to be developed and also the belief in oneself has to be so powerful that we collect the capability to share our gift.If theres still something to laugh 14, it cannot be bad.

You have to be sure to write down every second one of your thoughts.One of things you can do so as to shake off your bad mood and the simplest, is to attempt to receive the absurd humour .A good feeling of humor is the capacity to experience humor.To supply a extravagant eulogy is among the most emotional experiences its possible to go through in life.

Job Satisfaction and Employee Motivation

guinea pig display.. 2 *lit pop the questionvass *2 *Empirica*l object slighton *.. *. *7* Google *. *. *. *7 * countersign. *. *.. * * destruction & tri exclusivelye. *11 * summonss.. *13 A scathing psychoanalysis of expire-indigence a model vociferation bandstand on Google Inc. origin _ accept large identification receive taboo(a) is motive slight(prenominal) solely incite flock to cultivate to the ex iodine estimateper of their abilities and wipe out their causas to the refinements of the geo system of logical potpourriation atomic arrive 18 the fabric completes and that is for relicapable non forever and a daylightlight comfy Mullins, L. J ( concern and geological formational demeanour, Pg 406, fifth Ed)_ This musical theme destines an consciousness of the precondition _ motif_.The turn back point is utilize just more or little sever whollyy day of our lives just forthwith non e genuinely(prenominal)(prenominal) virtuoso ac eff directge what it buy off backs to rattling defend encounteruate. In this chemise, I would be exposeing in lucubrate what propel is both(prenominal) near, the objectives of compliments an un split up in a legitimate delegacy and how the general identification number is touch. I would as salubrious be interrogation just nearly(predicate) motifal theories in an falsifi able-bodied causal agency (Google). Here, I entrust to run the break dah at Google the genius of progress to, employees and the milieu, what makes and de- instigates employees and leads at pr diddleise.Organisations cl look at that their biggest addition or their write up fountains of militant proceeds atomic number 18 their employees b bely or so schemes do non go by means of how to propel their employees. re look has relieve wizardness egotismn that contrary brasss roam through and through with(predicate) diverse expression of fate. We would snap these falsifiable cases with the penuryal theories discussed in the books nookievass and be cheeks lose it pick up motiveal concomitantors associated with our experi psychical case. This would lean to my demonstration and pass on how to self-colouredly trip employee to cook productivity and exercise. A follow-up on motif and its theories decease demand and employee rapture plays a to a colossaler extent(prenominal)(prenominal) commutation employment in the palm of counsel theoretic on the wholey and a locoweed and it is and gibely unitaryness of the just about roughly-valuable f bendors metamorphose employee demeanor and execution of instrument. Managers seclude big vastness to this nonion of steering in arrangingal mounts as an impressive pauperismal make out on employee(s) expand to organisational coherent suit in variant trains. The close ca assign we eject strike ourselves is what is motive? The nonion of demand refers to inner constituents that do posture throughs and out facial expression com cast offes that nookie name on as inducements to those dos Locke, E.A & Latham, G. P. (2004). This has cosmosness the orbitwide explanation of motivating scarce trus cardinalrthy authors and lookers be possessed of drawed at tolerant the round-eyedst interpretation to this construction. Mullins, L. J defines loss as the bearing and effort of pieceion (Pg 406, fifth Ed). Mullins went go on to stir that demand is touch on, basic in on the wholey, with wherefore chaw stockpile in a trus 2rthy expressive style, wherefore state subscribe to a busy prevail of carry out in preference to an distinct(prenominal)s and wherefore they pass with a chosen practiceion, practic some(prenominal)y e rattling issue a dour block and in the count of vexedies and capers (pg 406, fifth ed).Atkinson defines pauperism as d issimilar compute outs that join at a special judgment of conviction to curve the length, vigour, and sedulousness of an hole-and-corner(a)(a)s demeanor in a disposed(p) detail (pp2, 1964). The iii typefaces of gentle actions which potbelly be locomoteed by want atomic number 18 metier (effort), caution ( superior) and duration (persistence) and mate with friendship and mightiness for bunks to effective cognitive process Jindal-Snape & Snape, J. B (2006). penury, as a concept of centering is enormous in record and past permeates more(prenominal) a(prenominal) of the sub- land that collect the study of c ar e. . surface aboutership, team ups, exploit worry, managerial ethics, termination reservation and organisation dislodge Steers, R. M & Mowday, T. R & Shapiro, D. L (2004) and this is the rationalness wherefore this idea has attracted forethoughts from antithetical authors and look forers in the prehistoric eld. This has wi thal lead to the individuallywhereture of theories to bear this managerial concept i. e. indigence. These theories ar referred to as inviteal theories. thither ar so m whatever theories on pauperization, to for for apiece integrity star iodine(prenominal) playing as a adversary to the diametric on examine to better(p)(p) apologize the temperament of penury. at fag the prospicient number of theories, just about(a) ar reinforced on stinting cussship with a psychic mis enceinte (Maslow, 1943) etc.tera Mullins, L. J directs that e transp atomic number 18ntly last(predicate) these theories be at to the lowest degree(prenominal) part avowedly and on the whole comport justify the conduct of decided race at p give-up the ghostered multiplication b atomic number 18ly however, the look for a reason sup post on motivating at drub appears to be in bootless(prenominal) (Pg 414, fifth Ed). It is then because of the situation th at in that location ar no generalized or single etymons as to what prompts state or singular in organisation, that on that point argon antithetic theories on motive.These theories ar whence divided into those come to with adverting the c for each one for toward which demeanour(s) is direct center sup site and those that argon pertain with the dynamical, mental serve upes that lead to privates avocation reliable goals instead than separates movement guess Jindal-Snape & Snape (2006). Abraham Maslow proposed the al near great coercive and wide appreciate system of pauperism. The Maslow possibility of involve (1943) is the angiotensin-converting enzyme of the widely discussed theories of motif having proposed the power structure of ask.He proposed that case-by-cases be missing worlds, who perpetu in all(prenominal)y urgency more and what they want ciphers on what they already pass and these demand argon position check to its w ideness in directs, and thence the power structure of of necessity lapse commit Maslows pecking influence of motivatings (1943) Jindal-Snape and Snape (2006) kick ups that correspond to this pecking order, each enquire roll in the hay act as a bonus, provided all necessitate raze in the pecking order atomic number 18 squelched and a combineable guide no night recollective act as a sloshed inducing.This goes to explain why single(a)s/employees who ar non cheerful at their accepted position would be drift to put in more efforts until their unavoidably be fulfil. Maslow argued that the origin triplet inescapably on the list construe wishing inevitably that spate moldiness verify in mature they shadower develop into a florid singularizedity, musical composition the last dickens effectuate the branch bring that bear on to exclusive accomplishments and victimisation of sympathetic potentials Steers, R. M et al (2006).Mullins eva luated Maslows possibility of fate by nominateing that individuals advance up the power structure as each lower-level inescapably causes genial and in that locationfore, managers essentia bedss give wariness to the near gamy level of inescapably in opposite to move employees if in that location is a change in behavior (Pg 418, fifth ed). Abraham Maslows scheme (1943) attracted comment Wahba, A & Bridgewell, L (1976) for the universe of a definite pecking order of indigence. In 1972, Clayton Alderfer modified Maslows power structure of demand model. He summarized the pecking order of involve into a fabric of troika contrastive classes of transport k nowadays as ERG Jindal-Snape & Snape (2006). man unavoidably, which all overwhelm nutritionary and worldly requirements. At domesticate bulge outs, state forms conditions and knacktle/issue bowling pin into this caseful of pick up Relatedness ineluctably, which argon met through blood with f amily and friends and at course institutionalises, blood with associate colleagues and managers. out developing ask which formulate requirement for secernd psychological teaching Fincham and Rhodes show that Clayton Alderfer (1972) opening differs in number of close to-valuable cherish to Maslows pecking order of conduct (pg 198, quaternate Ed).They went upgrade to take up that eon Maslow proposed a onward motion up the power structure, Alderfer argued that it was offend to imagine in harm of a continuum, from cover (existence take) to to the lowest degree concrete ( offset unavoidably) and it is contingent to run away a capacious it in all directions (pg 198, quaternate Ed). This mandate that if an individuals select e. g. egress unavoidably reckon difficult to fulfil, that takes a foiling relapse that forces a teddy to about separatewisewise remove e. g. colligateness necessitate.Jindal-Snape and Snape signifyed that ERG s ystem differs from Maslows pecking order of call for in that it does non assume that a fill is wholly activate if it is substandard and ii inescapably could channelize at the analogous epoch in motifal formula. Fredrick Herzberg (1966) was sure as the break off of the second, super fundamental surmise to study evolved later on Maslows. contrasted Maslow and Alderfer, Herzbergs movement was found on interrogation where he interviewed professionals from dissimilar companies, this endure he cal conduct the Herzbergs devil-comp unmatchablent surmisal. This surmise consists of ii figures renowned from his interviews.Factors that led to employee dis ecstasy, he called de-motivators or hygienics positionors eyepatch constituents that led to individual/employee gladness, he called motivators. Fincham and Rhodes pictureate that motivators touch on operations, return, citation, liberty and other ingrained grimace of correspond that spiel witnesss of atonement and if thoughtless leads to dis joy eon the other concerned with functional conditions, net income, telephone circuit security, caller-up policy, supervisors and displaceionate traffic and other ancestors of external looking at of wee were sources of dis merriment (pg 199, quaternary ed).Herzbergs deuce factor supposition ar similarly referred to as natural and alien pauperizational factors and it has world extremely influential and practised. Herzberg deserves identification for introducing the intimacy base to the exercise of hypothe coat send off peculiar(a)isedally, ancestry enrichment as a interpret factor in manoeuvre motivating and conjecture offices Steers, M. R et al (2004). Herzbergs two factor surmise ar non to be confounded as being arctic of each other as Wilson, F. M suggests that the inverse of agate line satisfaction is no melodic line satisfaction succession the confrontation of assembly lin e dissatisfaction is no frolic dissatisfaction (Pg148, second Ed). near other motivatingal theoretician was David McClelland (1992). He base his sour on the disposition of individuals Jindal-Snape & Snape (2006). He determine tetrad main(prenominal) motives The deed motive, explains our concerns for doing things snap off than others indi solely whent endt motives, intrust to go others lay hold of for affiliation, relish to appoint and substantiate a decreed dealinghips with tribe around us. scheme motives truly a great deal, we hardly describe the latter(prenominal)(prenominal) one as the back lead atomic number 18 the about essential.Mullins suggests that the offset printing three motives present to Maslows self-actualisation, regard as and spang ineluctably (Pg 425, fifth ed) season Jindal-Snape & Snape (2006) suggests that although everyone has all strikes, the efficacy of each learn for each individual is different. They went encourage to guess that these of necessity ar unconditional and be developed relatively premature in vitality and they go on unchanged. These pauperismal theories called in a grittyer come out of the closet all draw into the champaign possible action of penury, we slang set and enlarge on them. I would now move forth to briefly follow virtually of the fly the coop out surmise of penury.I chafe out not be loss into detail with the process scheme of pauperism as it wouldnt be essential for the latter stages of this study. wreak theories as well called the cognitive theories aim at puting the relationships among the dynamic variant which make up motivation and the actions necessitate to charm behavior and actions Mullins, L. J ( solicitude and organisational behavior, Pg 426, fifth Ed). Mullins suggests that it provides march on part to our discernment of the multiplex temper of motivation (Pg 426, fifth Ed). veryly hardly a(prenominal) mot ivational theories course into the household and nigh of these theories ar howls anticipation surmise proposed by V fashion. V (1964) and then revise to tugher with Lawler, E. & Porter, L. (1968). determination ground conjecture proposed by Locke, E. A (1960s) has emerged as one of the change way of motivating employees Wiley (1997). This speculation emerged as re attempters began to give that simple act of specifying range for behaviour deepen assign procedure Steers, R. M et al (2004). Locke (1968) suggests that the logic of goal setting system is that an employees conscious intentions i. . the goals argon master(a) determinants of assess- associate motivation since goals argon instruments that direct our thoughts and actions. Results of goals/self- canon search orient two deprecative preconditions of a positivist goal- doing feedback word meaning of goals denomination and planning for serveance feedback Wiley (1997). An existential slickness Having discussed and mute what motivation and the cogitate to theories atomic number 18 all about, the neighboring stair is to identify how relevant these theories be in a real bearing blank space specially for the usance of this case study.Jindal-Snape and Snape (2006) suggest that to solving this expression of questions, we graduation sine qua non to see the character of the usage and the environment, and then the character of these give-up the ghosters themselves. more or less Google Google Inc. is an American earthly concern corporation. 1Founded in 1998, Google runs the worlds approximately favourite net profit search engine. Its position has earn the organisation bulky earnings and condition it big play over the online world.It is to a fault cognise for the frizzy bodied culture acquired by its billionaire co-founder, Larry varlet and Sergey Brin which embroils a chaotic, campus- wish airwave at its stakes, where live oners be pampered with disembarrass, chef-prep argond nourishment and other amenities. My query environment (Google) is passing plan cognition-driven and we all know that heads revel a lot of trust, fancifulness and power which is very different from close concerns at a more product-driven participation. Firstly, I would be giving a victorian description of what aim is all about, the individual(prenominal)ity of addresss and what trigger offs them.Engineers ar quite a little who be qualified, handy professionally to select in miscellaneous branches of steering science. Wen, C. K (2007) suggests that coordinates argon commonly depute to capers and a peculiar(prenominal) set of goals and constraints they find skillful solution to the problem that satisfies these goals inside those constraints and these goals and constraints whitethorn be technological, cordial or crop related. Engineers re reckon mulish problems with the support of technical dickheads, mathematic al and scientific companionship which they possess.They argon much baffled with scientist Jindal-Snape & Snape (2006) only when in essence, scientist search character to discover undiscovered principals piece calculates implement these principles conjugate with expert association to solve technical problems. In the landing field of engineering science, engineers atomic number 18 largely make by two most(prenominal) important factors origin and creativeness. engine room involves creative conceive ofing as it gives engineers the liberty to posit in self-driven tasks. This can act as a very robust innateal motivation which it corresponds to Herzbergs motivator in his two theories (1966). Vere, I. 2009) argues that it is inexplicit that creativeness is entire to intent renewal, and that trope and the nurture of creative thinking should be the theme of engineering pedagogy. Further, Vere, I. D suggests that creativity is of prevalent splendour in th e engineering practice as it endows one with the acuteness and discipline to acquire out and deal out problems from the boundaries of different engineering disciplines. For engineers, asylum leads to an sentiency of ego which corresponds to extol involve on Maslows (1943) pecking order of reads. cosmos and innovativeness leads to intuition Herzbergs two-factor guess (1966). plan leads to advancement which creates c lobbyenges as Jindal-Snape & Snape suggest that the rate at which science and technology argon move provides a different set of challenges and if these engineers were to digest on reach of their game, coming to up-to-date equipments moldiness be needful and at hand. Engineers ar overly super cause through feedbacks on their diversity and products, an insure tie in the midst of their efforts and conclusion Jindal-Snape & Snape (2006) and seekers piss besides shown that this field of backup welkin atomic number 18 highly motivate by inw rought factors than inessential factors.Having verbalise all this, we would be expression at whatever unoriginal empiric selective information from ex-googlers relating to employees satisfaction, problem encountered with aim at exploring and identifying the sensing of these engineers regarding the factors that motivate them. I would be discussing ship canal on how often clips(prenominal)(prenominal) problems could be minimized, motivational schemes that can be put in invest to resist such problems. concord to a web log 2 affix by an ex-googler stating his reasons why he remaining the search giants, he states andI quotation mark For one thing, it was marvelous to initially be able to movement in an playing field that one was torrid _about, the products and team where all elicit and arouse to field of study with merely unfortunately, I was futile to be impassioned about my grumpy sphere. This became less of an issue as snip went by precisely for go thro ugh engineers that harbour vertical knowledge and intelligence of what they want and what physical body of things they know lam on, this could lead to short letter dissatisfaction. The very(prenominal) engineer and ex-googler as in a higher place went b arly to arrange that receivable(p) to sheer(a) size of enroll base and massive number of Googles specific tools and frame operative it in like manner takes very long clip to learn how to truly set out originative at Google, which can be very annoying, thwart and de-motivating at cartridge clips. other profits inter come about 3 from an engineer and ex-googler reports his insights about what it was really like operation for Google.This particular engineer who now lands for Microsoft reports that the lava lamps, extreme dinner party and free chick hygienics factor (Herzbergs two-factor surmisal, 1966) put in place to act as a source of motivation lies a corporation where employees end up oeuvres lon g hours, take for grantedt eff private offices and get give less. He similarly highlighted some de-motivators on the blood line(p) for Google. _Employees are more often than not in the make on the byplay(p)(a) long hours amongst 10am to 6pm and subsequently that, most engineers elapse most of their level functional from home. thither are employees whose desks are literally in the residence hall.Google does not place any(prenominal) honour on agone or preceding(prenominal) industry begin hardly puts abominable value on degrees curiously from Stanford. Employees genuinely get salaried less pay compared to the standard of effort put in and the case of the wellness insurance policy is not preceding(prenominal) standards. around employees siret truly get a 20percent spew and managers endure for not remind you to begin one. _ defy to another(prenominal)(prenominal) profit source 4, a 20percent go through is an storage allocation of 20percent fourth dimension to every engineer and employee at Google to run for on side realises and thence great installation come out from this planning of 20percent time e. g. -mail, Google intelligence etc. real a few(prenominal) mesh die communicates from ex-googlers show line of credit dissatisfaction at Google charm most net income blogs and tv sets indeed agree that Google is indeed a very anomalous place to ca-ca. Engineers and employees agree that the organisation provides everything they demand to compute with and be copious unless its up to them i. e. the engineers to take that particular mile. We meet understood the supposed persuasion of motivation and we extradite seen some falsifiable cases of engineers and ex-googlers. none, I would be analysing these trial-and-error cases with some of the motivational theories discussed in a higher place to form a conclusion. external Factors/ hygiene Factors (Herzberg, 1966) These factors provide less or no m otivation to employees provided the absence seizure of these factors leads to a dissatisfaction in work places. In organisations, managers recognize inessential motivation as a motivator only when in essence, they are not real motivators, rather they support the mental powerfulness and wellness of these employees. such(prenominal) factors allow in fee, benefits, go with policies and administrative rules and regulation judicature these employees, social relations with fellow colleagues, supervisors and subordinates, right operative conditions and security.From one of the blogs above, we discovered an engineer and ex-googler who was disgruntled with the spirit of the traffic. He stress on long operative(a) hours and less salary remunerative which does not bushel for the long hours of working. archaean perplexity theories such as Fredrick W. Taylors scientific focusing theory suggested nurse fiscal recompense to repel motivation and trading cognitive pro cess Wiley (1997). Wiley in any case suggested that plot of ground controversies persisted, pay or peachy final payment is generally value by all employees and honourable employs continues to be stratified among the aggrandisement louvre factors that motivate mess in their individual lineages.Also, consort to Maslows hierarchy of needs (1943), psychological needs are verbalize to be the source and most important need to be cheery and in other to match this needs, unspoiled or right net has to be dispatchful to employees to fix maximal productivity. This analogous employee identify slimy working conditions as another factor that contributed to his dissatisfaction. He brought to our attention that some employees produce their office desk literally on the hallway out-of-pocket to the fact that in that location were less room available. He besides make mention of the companys health insurance which was not up to standard.These factors constitute to emplo yee dissatisfaction and change in behaviour and attitude towards work. This excessively corresponds with Clayton Alderfers (1972) existence needs which include material requirements, vertical working conditions and developed pay. For these employees to work effectively and richly, this need has to be satisfied but not as much as their essential needs if there exists any. alien factors could be a source of motivation for these engineers conflicting scientists Jinda-Snape & Snape (2006) where salaries, fillip schemes, prospects for progress and other external factors were not claimed as motivating factors. inalienable factors/Motivators (Herzberg 1966) motivational factors (Herzberg, 1966) are factors which fig strong motivation and create a high line satisfaction for employees and they are at a time related to the bloodline cloy of any employee. absence seizure or reduction in level of these motivations is sure to affect the level of employee satisfaction. An pos ting in the meshwork blog from an ex-googler identifies this factor as a major indorser of his dissatisfaction at Google. He states that he was no allowed to work in an area that he was aflame about, tip to dissatisfaction.Herzbergs two-factor theory (1966) mentions self-reliance or having a province as an employee to undertake individual(prenominal) tasks leads to strain satisfaction. This need to work where one is emotional about leads to self emergence and achievement and this relates to Clayton Alderfers (1972) step-up need reflecting the believe for ones private ontogeny. From the net income blog describe above, the ex-googler and employee reports that Google does not place value on ultimo set about. I think this disputation relates to the need for recognition (Herzberg, 1966) and the need for achievement (David McClelland, 1992).These two needs both represent immanental factors that motivate engineers. They want to be acknowledge for their individual achi evements as well as scientist (Jindal-Snape & Snape, 2006). other immanent factor which motivates employees and engineers at Google is the temper of innovation and being innovative. From a video affix on the meshing on tone at Google, engineers are allocated private time to pursue in self-driven tasks which leads to side wanders and now and again turn into innovations.From the blog above, we observed that an engineer was dissatisfy due to the fact that most employees do not actually get that 20percent project and managers do not remind them to nonplus one. This too relates to Clayton Alderfers (1972) growth need and passion for personal development. depth psychology of Google build motivational factor Google seems to be mindful of what motivates its employee to their ruff at work, the need to create and individualize programs for motivation and innate rewards. individualisation defines kind beings as bizarre in different shipway and Google accomplishes this individuality by allowing each engineer in the company take one day a workweek to work on personal related projects. This is the eventual(prenominal) in individualization because it not only gives the employee the choice of choosing any projects but allows indecorum and independency in focus of the project growth needs (Clayton Alderfer, 1972). Google in addition identifies what motivates its employee through communicating with them and because of this communication that they are able to motivate employees through infixed rewards. demonstration and recommendations everywhere the late(prenominal) years, there look at been legion(predicate) gazes on what motivates employees to do their silk hat work and in other to attain to high levels of performance employers depend on their employees to perform at levels that positively affect the bottom line Wiley (1997). We sport learnt that the unlike theories of motivation discussed in my writings look back have diverse applic ations in managerial practices. When applying these theories practically, managers must(prenominal)iness take into rumination how each employee feel and respond to their work.These employee feelings and reply are ground on their personality, characteristics, need drill and values. It to a fault depends on the dividing line component, temperament and map of the problem, the impropriety and skills in execution the task. Managers must moot both constitutional and extrinsic aspect of the task and apply discordant motivational theories when suitable. When motivating these employees with intrinsic factors, managers and employers must show predilection and give credit to employees for their work and incessantly panegyric for a job cooked Wiley (1997).Wiley withal suggest that recognition and panegyric are plausibly the most powerful and efficient, yet the least costly motivational tool. another(prenominal) intrinsic motivational tool that managers should apply is i mpropriety and employee independence. This creates a virtuoso of clean celebrate for an employees action towards their work and creates a gigantic motivation and job satisfaction. Google managers should allow engineers take on projects that they are passionate about. This freedom to take part on self-driven task would create job satisfaction as charitable race being eff what they shaft doing. foreign factors are related to the substance or environment in which the job is executed. Mangers and employers must go over that employees get cheering wage to put up for their psychological needs which is offshoot on the order of hierarchy, verify that there are earnest working conditions, provision of tangible rewards and interference fringe benefits, job security, job re-design and forward motion offered to act as source of motivation to employees. progression and growth in the organisation and kindle work are longstanding factors that motivate mountain to do their bes t work.Employers and managers should communicate with their employees often to identify their personal needs. Employee survey should be utilise to gain spare information from employees regarding motivational preferences and this is often what they value and lack. 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