The Different Educational Philosophies Presented in the Movie Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 5 Words: 1462 Downloads: 5 Date added: 2019/04/04 Category Literature Essay Level High school Tags: Harry Potter Essay Did you like this example? When watching Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix, I observed the different teaching philosophies that Professor McGonagall, Professor Sprout, and Professor Umbridge display within the varied classroom setting. Essentialism is teaching the accumulated knowledge using core courses like English, history, math, science and foreign languages in a traditional academic discipline. The teacher is training the mind, promoting reasoning using pen and paper and administering examinations. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "The Different Educational Philosophies Presented in the Movie Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix" essay for you Create order Perennialism is a philosophy that does not include flexibility in curriculum, rather is it quite rigorous in the standards, using the great books by historys finest thinkers and writers and enduring themes, to sharpen the students intellectual powers and enhance their moral qualities. Progressivism philosophy focuses on concerns, curiosity and real-world experiences that help students formulate meaningful questions, devise strategies to answer them, then tests their ideas to see if it works. The last thing on the teachers mind in this philosophy is testing. In evaluating Professor McGonagalls teaching practices at Hogwarts School of Witchcraft and Wizardry, I noticed that she incorporates and demonstrates three educational philosophies, namely Essentialism, Perennialism, and Progressivism. Professor McGonagall is known and well respected by both students and professors for her high level of student and classroom expectations. McGonagall is known for her strict, no-nonsense demeanor and as the master of her classroom. Because of the common culture that exists between both student and professor, she has gained the respect of all of her students. While her teaching strategies are traditional she is training their minds to promote reasoning. McGonagall uses great books by Hogwarts finest thinkers and writers while teaching them the traditional educational values of reading, writing, and arithmetic. At the beginning of class, she warns her students that anyone messing around will be forced to leave and not be welcomed back. She states, you have been warned (McGonagall). She provides her students with instructional demonstrations, where students are asked to conduct group experiments, such as the project-based learning approach. Her students tend to be inquisitive and ask many questions and in turn, she provides them with the help that is needed by roaming the classroom and answering their questions when needed. Overall, McGonagall utilizes two of the five teaching philosophies: Perennialism, and Progressivism. In the film, I believe that Warner Brother Studios chose to exemplify these two philosophies within McGonagall because they wanted to create a character who was a good example of moral ethics as well as honorable. She is capable of demonstrating both sides of the spectrum, the teacher-child-classroom relationship as well as the student-driven classroom relationships. She is able to allow the students to flourish in their creativity. In regards to McGonagall, I would model her teaching philosophy of Perennialism is a philosophy that does not include flexibility in curriculum, rather is it quite rigorous in the standards, using the great books by historys finest thinkers and writers and enduring themes, to sharpen the students intellectual powers and enhance their moral qualities. Progressivism philosophy focuses on concerns, curiosity and real-world experiences that help students formu late meaningful questions, devise strategies to answer them, then tests their ideas to see if it works. The last thing on the teachers mind in this philosophy is testing. I would avoid the strict rigorous demands of the curriculum, and aim to be more flexible one with the diverse learners in my class. Alongside McGonagall, Professor Sprout also uses the philosophy of progressivism in her classroom. She is a cheerful, roly-poly teacher, who is well liked by her students. Her philosophy offers a hands-on learning experience in an outdoor classroom setting. Within her class, she teaches them how to re-pot a Mandrake plant. She provides them with step-by-step instructions while also advising them of the dangers of their activity. The students are given tools for protection, then proceed with caution as she explains and demonstrates what they will do. She double checks their work and asks for understanding. From this, we can gather that she is an encouraging and thoughtful teacher who focuses on the individuals learning and progression throughout the time in her class. Her teaching philosophy of Progressivism allows them to gain real-world experiences that can be utilized during their years at Hogwarts. There is no testing in her classroom, the pupils education is built around their experience, while they focus on one discipline at a time. Professor Sprouts education states that if a single pupil wants to come, then the school ought to remain open for that pupil (Professor Sprout). Ultimately, I feel that Warner Brother Studios chose to show Professor Sprout in a way where progressivism is seen in a nurturing light because the students face peril, evil, darkness, and restriction of creativity among other professors within the school. In my own classroom, I would adopt Professor Sprouts way of teaching in a progressive light, we see that she is very encouraging, supportive, and allows students to lead and she follows in their footsteps. Consequently, we observe that Professor Umbridge adopts a completely different philosophy when teaching her students. The philosophy she demonstrates in her classroom is Essentialism. Essentialism is teaching the accumulated knowledge using core courses like English, history, math, science and foreign languages in a traditional academic discipline. The teacher is training the mind, promoting reasoning using pen and paper and administering examinations. Professor Umbridges demonstrates this by standing in front of the class as she teaches them which gives her a sense of superiority which exemplifies the idea of teachers being in control and in charge. When she does this, she is imparting her wisdom and knowledge so that the students may learn from her instead of discovering on their own. She is endowing them with her great wisdom and knowledge that is passed down from previous tried and true educators. Umbridge is viewed as the mouthpiece for the Ministry of Magics political stand on the practices and policies that govern Hogwarts. This teacher intimidates her students with an iron fist approach telling them there will be discipline, order, and obedience in her classroom. She has a set of classroom rules in place where speaking is never an option. She does not call her students by their names but refers to them as children (Umbridge). Because there will be no talking in class without her permission, Professor Umbridge insists they raise their hands. What she teaches her students is that they will gain knowledge through their examinations, she believes that learning in school is by a theoretical approach, studying and test taking. She also warns the students not to question her methods and compares this act to doubting the Ministry. Students quietly sit at their desks and write with pen and paper and rote information from their textbooks. Instead of focusing on the students opinions, she only deems the Ministries and her own as the guiding force in the classroom. The filmmakers chose to portray Umbridge in this traditional, old school way of teaching where students are to be seen but not heard. However, despite Umbridges views on how the classroom should be run, I would not agree. When teaching my future students, I would not adopt this theory. I would want to find more creative ways and other avenues that would allow them to test their understanding of subject other than her test-taking methods. I would allow my students to have a voice and that their opinions are welcome. After viewing the film and being able to critique the different educational philosophies that are presented, I was able to solidify my own teaching philosophy of Progressivism which focuses on concerns, curiosity and real-world experiences that help students formulate meaningful questions, devise strategies to answer them, then tests their ideas to see if it works. Modeling acceptance, encouraging creativity, understanding, and helping my students to pursue their interest while also being a role model. Overall, this film showed me the more effective ways of teaching students in a way that allows their creativity to flow and where they feel the most comfortable. The students dislike for Umbridge and adoration for McGonagall was blatantly obvious and continuously shown throughout the film which made it all the more obvious on which professors philosophies encourages and discourages learning. The level of respect, learning, and relationship development that occurred between student and professor is what appealed to me the most when watching this film. What was discouraging, was the number of forceful rules and discipline that professors like Umbridge displayed which eliminated an excitement for learning. When subjected to this environment, students are not able to enjoy their time spent in these classrooms during their academic years at Hogwarts. This film allowed me to cohesively see and understand the different philosophies that are brought into the classroom and how they affect the learning environment as a whole.

Essay Tradition or Cruelty in Shirley Jacksons The Lottery

In our society we have many traditions. These traditions all have certain meanings behind them; however, many of those meanings tend to be lost or forgotten. The holiday of Thanksgiving was originally a celebration to commemorate the arrival of the pilgrims in the new world and their first interactions with the Native Americans. So then why is it still celebrated today? There is no actual purpose in today’s society to observe this custom. It has just continued to be observed because of past traditions. There is no logical reason to continue this fà ªte, as it holds little or no value. With the passage of time the actual reasons have been lost or distorted, such as in the case of Shirley Jackson’s â€Å"The Lottery.† Shirley Jackson’s†¦show more content†¦There had been, also, a ritual salute, which the official of the lottery had had to use in addressing each person who came up to draw from the box, but this also had changed with time, until now it was felt necessary only for the official to speak to each person approaching (Jackson 75) . The town members can no longer remember exactly how the lottery is supposed to be performed, and thus either substitute different actions as part of the ritual, or do away with them altogether. In the story there is only one explanation as to why the lottery is used. This explanation is given by Old Man Warner, who himself has survived seventy six lotteries. Old Man Warner states, â€Å"Used to be a saying about ‘Lottery in June, corn be heavy soon† (77). According to this, the lottery was used as a ritual to promote a plentiful harvest season. In all societies the success of agriculture is vital to survival. Farmers â€Å"can only wait and hope† that the harvest season will be successful. From this hope, meaningless rituals are created, even when the ritual has no direct relationship (Griffin 44). The townspeople would sacrifice one of their citizens in hopes that it would in some way or another affect the results of the harvest. Every June 27th the townspeople participated in an outdated tradition that thrust their town into the depths of barbarism. There are several references, hints, and blatant comments that refer to the barbaric theme in this story. One example is thatShow MoreRelatedTradition or Cruelty in Shirley Jacksons The Lottery Essay2237 Words   |  9 PagesTradition or Cruelty in Shirley Jacksons The Lottery Shirley Jacksons The Lottery satirizes barbaric traditions in a supposedly civilized village. As the story begins, the villagers appear to be fairly civilized and carry on fairly modern lifestyles. This is assumed by the mens discussion of planting, rain, tractors, and taxes. The lottery was outdated to such a degree that some may think that the tradition is primal competition of anthropoid beasts. On the other hand, some think that carryingRead MoreThe Lottery vs the Destructors Essay examples1046 Words   |  5 PagesThesis In Shirley Jackson’s, â€Å"The Lottery†, and Graham Greene’s â€Å"The Destructors†, the author creates a story filled with symbolism, irony, grim reality, and a ritualized tradition that masks evil, which ultimately showcases how people blindly follow tradition. Outline I. Introduction II. Setting B. Time Period III. Plot A. What messages are seen inRead MoreResearch Paper on Shirley Jacksons â€Å"The Lottery†1141 Words   |  5 PagesShirley Jacksons â€Å"The Lottery† is a short story about the annual gathering of the villagers to conduct an ancient ritual. The ritual ends in the stoning of one of the residents of this small village. This murder functions under the guise of a sacrament that, at one time, served the purpose of ensuring a bountiful harvest. This original meaning, however, is lost over the years and generations of villagers. The loss of meaning has changed the nature and overall purpose of the lottery. This ritualRead MoreIgnornance of Tradition in The Lottery, by Shirley Jackson1014 Words   |  5 Pages Tradition, defined as the handing down of information, beliefs, and customs by word of mouth or by example from one generation to another without written instruction. (Tradition) Tradition is a core trait of humanity, from the time before recorded hi story to present, humanity has followed traditions or customs that have been passed down from generation to generation. More often than not communities all over the world blindly follow these practices with little regard to who startedRead MoreSummary On The Allegory Of Shirley Jacksons The Lottery871 Words   |  4 Pages Shirley Jackson’s story â€Å"The Lottery† serves as an allegory regarding humankinds inherent to be cruel and society’s ability to inure to violence. The author’s use of a third-person dramatic narrative combined with strong themes, symbols and irony clearly supports the lesson Jackson was trying to portray. Jackson’s short story shows how easy it is to be hostile when a group of villagers with a herd mentality blindly follow an outdated tradition and that evil knows no boundaries. JacksonRead MoreThe Theme Of Tradition In Shirley Jacksons The Lottery1638 Words   |  7 PagesDEATH BY TRADITION Henry James once said, â€Å"It takes an endless amount of history to make a little tradition.† In the short story, â€Å"The Lottery,† by Shirley Jackson deals with the insignificant nature of humanity when it comes to traditions. Today when one thinks about winning, one does not think about the community or close relatives; one thinks about how one is going to spend the money received. However, in Jackson’s short story, â€Å"The Lottery† represents a human sacrifice by means of stoning withRead MoreThe Lottery by Shirley Jackson1764 Words   |  7 Pagesfilled with excitement and eeriness, leaving the reader speechless. The Lottery , a short story written by famous writer Shirley Jackson, created an uproar on June 26, 1948, when it was published in the magazine The New Yorker (Ball). The gothic thriller, set in an unknown time and place, shares the tradition of a small town, a little larger than three hundred people, in which a drawing is held once a year. In this â€Å"Lottery,† each family’s husband draws a slip of pap er from a black box. The husbandRead MoreAnalysis Of Shirley Jackson s The Lottery, And Kurt Vonnegut Jr. s Harrison Bergeron1604 Words   |  7 Pagespersonal values and beliefs can be found in Shirley Jackson’s, â€Å"The Lottery†, and Kurt Vonnegut Jr.’s â€Å"Harrison Bergeron†. These short stories describe situations in which the citizens allow the superiors to have full control, without thinking twice about the laws and traditions that require their submission. Both of these short stories are similar in theme, because each tells about a community that chooses to participate in cruel and inhumane traditions, rather than allow individuals to form theirRead More Foreshadowing in Shirley Jacksons The Lottery Essays1152 Words   |  5 PagesForeshadowing in Shirley Jacksons The Lottery      Ã‚  Ã‚   The Lottery, a short story written by Shirley Jackson, is a tale about a disturbing social practice.   The setting takes place in a small village consisting of about three hundred denizens.   On June twenty-seventh of every year, the members of this traditional community hold a village-wide lottery in which everyone is expected to participate.   Throughout the story, the reader gets an odd feeling regarding the residents and their annual practiceRead MoreThe Horror of The Lottery, by Shirley Jackson1375 Words   |  6 Pagesvillagers took part in the traditional lottery drawing and one villager was picked for the prize – a stoning. In 1948, Shirley Jackson published this short story known as â€Å"The Lottery,† in The New York Times. The story’s plot shocked readers all over America as they learned of the horror happening in such a quaint town. Jackson purposely set this tragic event in this innocent setting to emphasize humanity’s crue lty. Using her appalling short story, The Lottery, Shirley Jackson alarms readers with the ironic

Taxation Law for Low Value Pool Deduction- myassignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about theTaxation Law for Low Value Pool Deduction. Answer: Computation of Low Value Pool Deduction Desktop Computer In the Books of Edward For the year ended 2015-16 Computation of Low Value Pool Deduction Desktop Computer Row Low Value Pool Deduction Amount ($) A Closing Balance of the pool 900 B Opening Adjustable Value 1250 C Add row (A+B) = D 2150 D Multiply row C by 0.375 806.25 E Taxable percentage use of asset 1250 F Additional Capital cost 0 G Add: Rows (E+F) 1250 H Multiply row G by 0.1875 234.375 I Total Low Value Pool Deduction 1040.625 B: Furniture In the Books of Edward For the year ended 2015-16 Computation of Low Value Pool Deduction Furniture Row Low Value Pool Deduction Amount ($) A Closing Balance of the pool 2400 B Opening Adjustable Value 3000 C Add row (A+B) = D 5400 D Multiply row C by 0.375 2025 E Taxable percentage use of asset 3000 F Additional Capital cost 0 G Add: Rows (E+F) 3000 H Multiply row G by 0.1875 562.5 I Total Low Value Pool Deduction 2587.5 Filing Cabinet In the Books of Edward For the year ended 2015-16 Computation of Low Value Pool Deduction Filling Cabinets Row Low Value Pool Deduction Amount ($) A Closing Balance of the pool 890 B Opening Adjustable Value 1000 C Add row (A+B) = D 1890 D Multiply row C by 0.375 708.75 E Taxable percentage use of asset 1000 F Additional Capital cost 0 G Add: Rows (E+F) 1000 H Multiply row G by 0.1875 187.5 I Total Low Value Pool Deduction 896.25 From the above stated computation the questions that is bought forward is regarding claiming an allowable deduction for the declining value of the low cost and low value assets that an individual makes in the course of generating or producing the taxable income at the time of filing tax return (Barkoczy, 2016). As evident from the current of Alpha it is noticed that the declining value of the asset that is reported for that period are less than $1000. Alpha reported an asset namely furniture and cabinet filings for which it used prime cost method. According to the rule of the Australian Taxation Office an assumption can be bought forward in the present situation of Alpha that assets such as furniture and cabinet are valued under the prime cost method (Woellner et al., 2016). Therefore, Alpha will not be allowed claim an allowable deduction at the time of filing income tax return. On the other hand, it is noticed that Desktop computers was valued under the diminishing cost method and an allowable deduction can be claimed at the time of filing income tax return by Alpha. Reference List: Barkoczy, S. (2016). Foundations of Taxation Law 2016.OUP Catalogue. Woellner, R. H., Barkoczy, S., Murphy, S., Evans, C., Pinto, D. (2016).Australian Taxation Law Select: Legislation and Commentary 2016. Oxford University Press.

Law of Agency for Fiduciary Relationship- myassignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about theLaw of Agency for Fiduciary Relationship. Answer: Law of Agency is a special kind of contract where the agreement between principal and agent are legally binding. In an agency agreement, the principal is the primary authority who confers powers on the agent to make contracts on his behalf with a third party (Beaupert, Steele Gooding, 2017) . In general cases of contract, there is an agreement which is a pre-requisite for entering into a contract but in cases of agency, there might be an exception of an absence of an agreement. Agency contracts are lawful even when there is no lawful agreement between the parties. Again, in cases of general contract, there is a consideration without which contracts are void ab initio but in cases of agency, there is no requirement of consideration and agency contracts can be non-gratuitous, that is, without any consideration. A contract should have a minimum of two parties but since agency contract is a special kind of contract, it has three parties-the principal, the agent and the third party. Thou gh the agent works under the authority of the principal, in cases of any liability, it always arises between the principal and the third party and never between the agent and the third party. Undisclosed principle is the when a relationship exists between the principal and the third party even when the agent has not disclosed the relationship of agency that exists between the agent and the principal (Garcia, Rodriguez Fdez, 2015). Doctrine of election happens when the third party has the right to choose from whom to demand performance. Siu Yin Kwan v Eastern Insurance Co Ltd[1994] 2 AC 199 ahs laid down the principle that when the third party believes that the agent is acting on his behalf and based on a particular skill has demanded a particular job, the third party will demand that performance from the agent and not the principal. Under the Law of Agency, the duty of the agent is to follow the principals directors and strictly adhere to them. In cases of breach of fiduciary relationship by the agent, he is liable to the principal because it is his duty to act in good faith and exercise skill and judgment, as has been laid down in the case of Watteau v Fernwick. Therefore, the duty of the agent is to strictly adhere to the instructions of the principal. Ostensible authority is when by implied conduct of the party, the 3rd party is made to believe that there exists a relationship of agency between the agent and the principal and the agent is working under the authority of the principal. Freeman Lockyer v Buckhurst Park Properties[1964] 1 All ER 630, it was held that when the 3rd aprty believes that agent has an authority to deal with him, the principal is stopped from denying his authority. Ostensible authority is an exception to the termination clause of agency. It was also held that, the key to fixing liabili ty to the principal is to see if the principal has done anything that gave the 3rd party the notion that the agent was acting under the authority of the principal. Application Under the laws of agency, Terrence is the principal and Sara is the agent who works under his authority. Applying the rule of Undisclosed principle, Sara did not notify Gabby that she was working under the authority of Terrence and had taken the order. Gabby was unaware of the agency relationship that was existing between Terrence and Sara. Gabby has the power to elect who will perform the duty in the present case (Stout Blair, 2017). Terrence instructs Peter to buy silver and not gold but Peter does not fulfil his fiduciary duties that exist under agency law and breaches the contract. Unhappy with the defiance of Peter, Terrence fires him but keeps his business email active from where Peter makes a deal with Gordon. Applying the rule of ostensible authority, Gordon thought that Peter was still an agent of Terrence and that he was dealing with Terrence. Conclusion Gabby can elect who she wants to design the elephant brooch for her and Sara has not breached any contract. Peter is bound by fiduciary relation to follow the instructions of Terrence and there he is liable for breach of contract. Terrence has to pay Gordon because by keeping the business email of Peter active, he has given the impression to Gordon that the agency relationship between Terrence and Peter exists and that Gordon is dealing with Peter. Issue The present case deals with the laws of company incorporation and business ethics. The concerned parties are the shareholders of a company and the issue is whether the failure to pay an amount of 2000000 will lead to a breach of contract. Another issue pursuant to the present case is regarding the Commonwealth legislations authorities regarding cancelling the application of license for explosives manufacturing. Law Initially, when the commonwealth had the power to legislate in matters regarding to companies by virtue of section 51(xx) of the Constitution, it only had jurisdiction of New South Wales and the power only was limited to the incorporation in New South Wales and not the whole of Australia (Hannigan, 2015). Australia follows common law principles and the laws of the United Kingdom and therefore the laws followed are those of the United Kingdom. The Commonwealth is enabled to make laws under the Corporations Act, 2001 and that there is a national Companies Act that governs all business laws in Australia. All corporations in Australia are regulated by the Australian Securities and Investments (Commission) and the ASIC is governed by the Australian Securities and Investments Commission Act 1989. The ASIC has various roles to play and it acts as the guardian of the company protecting the rights of the shareholders, directors and investors (Coffee, Sale Henderson , 2015). The ASIC has both criminal and civil jurisdictions and also has the power to fix damages in cases of breach of contract. the ASIC can attach pecuniary penalty in cases of a company breaching the principles of the Corporations Act. Under S. 1311, if a company fails to do anything which a company should do in the regular course of its business, penalty is attached for breach. The penalty is imposed by the company under section 1317 of the Corporations Act. In cases of contravention of the principles of the company as under Section 1317L, the company can recover the same by compensation through the provisions of section 1317G. A company can be made liable as a natural person under the Corporations Act after its incorporations (McQueen, 2016). 50 of the ASIC Act help to protect the rights of the shareholders and acts as a shield against malfeasant directors. Corporate veil as a concept applies when a company under the veil of a company acts in unlawful ways. In the case of Solomon v Solomon Co Ltd[1897] AC 22, it was held that the company was separate from its shareholders and that in case a company intends to defraud, the company will be held liable (Chen, Ramsay Welsh, 2016). The Commonwealth legislation gives power to the ASIC to reject the application for license of any company if it has any criminal record. In case, the director or the shareholder of the company has any conviction record, the Corporations Act, 2001 has enough power to cancel the license. By virtue of section 206B of the Corporations Act, license shall not be granted to a company that has a past criminal record. Criminal record in the past will lead to automatic disqualification. Application In the current case, the facts point towards a breach of contract by Roger, who owns 92 shares in his company and is the owner of the same. By way of written agreement, a contract was signed between United Chemicals Ltd and Industrial Machines by way of which it was agreed that an amount of $6000000 will be paid in three instalments in three consecutive years, that is 2015, 2016 and 2017. Owing to the downfall in the business Roger, could not pay the last instalment and as a result he was sued. A contract was entered into between the parties and there has been a breach of that agreement due to the failure to pay the sum. A contract is binding and in cases of failure to pay, the director has to pay damages. A shareholder shall exercise due diligence while exercising his duties and in cases of grave breach, he shall be made liable. The Commonwealth legislations state that anyone with criminal record shall not be given a license for manufacture of explosives. Roger was convicted of theft in the year 2005 and has a criminal conviction report and therefore he was not allowed by the Commonwealth Department of Industry to set up the explosives factory. A high degree of care and duty is put on the ASIC to ensure the safety of the workers and the prime reason behind not granting license to explosive manufacturing factories because the ASIC is duty bound to ensure that the workers and the citizens are safe. In this case, Roger having a criminal record has not been allowed to set up the factory as he was convicted in the year 2005. Under the powers of the Parliament, the ASIC has huge powers to ensure that a company does not indulge in nefarious activities. In case of a company trying to breach the conditions as laid down in the Corporations Act, the ASIC can attach criminal liabilities and fix liabilities for damages. Therefore, combining the two activities of Roger, it can be said that the ASIC has the power to exercise its powers to ensure the rights of the debtors against the unlawful activities of the shareholders. In case of breach of contract, the ASIC can fix liabilities and attach pecuniary relief to the affected debtors. The ASIC under the commonwealth laws have powers to give license to a company as well as cancel applications for license in cases there is a previous mandate that prohibits a company from being incorporated. Conclusion Roger has breached the written contract and therefore is liable for breach of contract. Roger has failed to make the payment of $2000000 and is therefore liable to the debtors. Owing to the Commonwealth legislations, Department of Industry is justified in rejecting the License for the manufacture of explosives. References Beaupert, F., Steele, L., Gooding, P. (2017). Introduction to disability, rights and law reform in Australia: Pushing beyond legal futures.Law in Context,35(2), 1. Chen, V., Ramsay, I., Welsh, M. (2016). Corporate law reform in Australia: An analysis of the influence of ownership structures and corporate failure. Coffee Jr, J. C., Sale, H., Henderson, M. T. (2015). Securities regulation: Cases and materials. Garca, J. A., Rodriguez?Snchez, R., Fdez?Valdivia, J. (2015). The principal?agent problem in peer review.Journal of the Association for Information Science and Technology,66(2), 297-308. Hannigan, B. (2015).Company law. Oxford University Press, USA. Hanson, T. (2016). AUSTRALIA MUST RESPOND TO CHINA'S'LITTLE GREEN FISHERMEN'. Ausmarine, 38(7), 23. McQueen, R. (2016).A Social History of Company Law: Great Britain and the Australian Colonies 18541920. Routledge. Stout, L. A., Blair, M. M. (2017). A team production theory of corporate law. InCorporate Governance(pp. 169-250). Gower.

Homer Is All Mixed Up Essays - Odyssey, Ancient Greek Religion

Homer Is All Mixed Up Bruns 1 AP English 12 October 23, 2000 Homer is All Mixed Up Homers epic, the Odyssey, is a heroic narrative that follows the adventures of Odysseus, the powerful King of Ithaca. The main story involves Odysseuss return journey to his homeland after the Trojan War. However, Homer skips around in the action periodically to give the reader a better understanding and interest in what is going on in the epic. Homer takes his audience from the present action involving Telemakhos search for news of his fathers return, to the past where Odysseus tells the Phaiakians of his tragic journey home after the war. The events in Homers epic are not in order but still prove more effective at guiding the reader through the narrative. Although the events in the Odyssey are not in chronological order, the story line is enriched by Homers use of the in media res method because it introduces characters that were not involved in Odysseus adventure, because it shows the urgency of Odysseus return to his kingdom, and because it allows the reader to become more intere sted in the opening chapters without having to wait for a climax in the action. In media res is Latin for in the middle of the race which is a style used by Homer in the Odyssey when he begins the story in the middle of the action. In this way Homer is able to introduce major characters that would otherwise not be included in the narrative until the end of the epic. Three major characters introduced by this method are Telemakhos, Bruns 2 Odysseus son; Penelope, Odysseus wife; and the suitors, prominent young men of Ithaca who attempt to marry Penelope. Telemakhos is the first of these characters to be introduced. In lines 1-14 of book II he is introduced as a prominent young man as he enters the assembly spear in hand, with two quick hounds at heel; Athena lavished on him a sunlit grace that held the eye of the multitude. Old men made way for him as he took his fathers chair. Despite Telemakhos prominent figure in the opening lines of this book, it soon becomes obvious that he is not an extremely powerful figure. Telemakhos intends to expel the suitors from his home but he is not strong enough to fight them. It is important that the reader meets Telemakhos in the beginning because he is the main character in the Ithaca plot and also he must overcome obstacles at home foreshadowing the obstacles his father faces later in the epic. In lines 219-234 of book II he decides to go in search of news of his father. If he find s Odysseus is dead then he will give Penelope to another husband. Penelope is also introduced in book II. She is a wise woman who, out of love for Odysseus, procrastinates marrying another man. One instance of her defiance to the suitors occurs in lines 104-106 when she says Young men, my suitors, now my lord is dead, let me finish my weaving before I marry, or else my thread will have spun in vain. She intends to trick the suitors and weave very slowly so she does not have to marry. Finally the suitors are introduced in book II as well. The suitors are the young men who occupy Odysseus home, eat his food, consume his wealth, and attempt to woo Penelope. Homer does an outstanding job by introducing these characters at the beginning of the epic. This opens the readers eyes to a smaller subplot that is occurring Bruns 3 in Ithaca as Odysseus makes his way home. Homer introduces these characters and their concerns first so that the reader is not caught off guard later in the narrative when Odysseus finally does reach his homeland. These specific characters all play vital roles in the climax of the story and they are introduced early so that the reader can relate with their issues better later in the narrative. Homer also leaves the proper order of time in the Odyssey to show Odysseus urgency to return home to his beloved wife and kingdom. Odysseus faces many hardships on his journey home and could have easily given

Free Essays on Christmas

Imagine walking through an average family’s Christmas celebration one might see, opening of presents around the Christmas tree, family dinner, engaging in friendly conversation. Some of the things you might smell fresh pine from the pine tree, the smell of peppermint from the candy canes dangling from the tree. In my family we tend to do everything a little different. While other families are having the traditional Christmas, my family has a tradition of its own to follow. The smell of freshly cooked pancakes, bacon and eggs and freshly squeezed orange juice tickles your nose hairs to wake up any that dares to sleep late on Christmas Eve. The breakfast table is set for a king. Plates full of pancakes, French toast, bacon, ham, eggs, coffee, tea, orange juice. With every bite just as savory as the last one might wish for this meal to never end. With every tasteful bite you can feel the juices running down the side of your mouth. Even though you’re full from the food you want to complete the meal. After the breakfast buffet is over the children with their filled little bellies sit around the television and watch cartoons. As the children are watching the morning cartoons my parents begin to set up the Christmas Eve present opening. Every Christmas each family member is able to open one gift. The gifts are usually not big gifts. These gifts are brought just for the purpose of being opened on Christmas Eve. After all of the gifts are opened my mother walks around with a big black plastic bag to collect all the wrapping paper. When the cleaning is finished believe it or not it is time for lunch. You would think after a big breakfast like that who would have room for another meal. Every meal is important from breakfast to dinner. So at lunch we have a family based discussion, generally the conversation ranges from school to life. Those that are young and old participate. Around this time is when the extended fam... Free Essays on Christmas Free Essays on Christmas Christmas Time Everyone has their favorite place in this world. My favorite place is my grandparents’ house at Christmas time. This is a time where my entire family is together and we all spend quality time together. All of my aunts, uncles, and cousins are all together at one time. This is the only time all year when we are all together. My grandma is constantly cooking while all my aunts are running around trying to get everything else together. My grandpa, uncles, and cousins all make and set up luminarias around the neighborhood. These are reasons why my grandparents’ house at Christmas time is my favorite place. When you walk into my grandparents’ house during Christmas, you will immediately be engulfed by a beautiful smell of food. My grandma in my opinion is one of the best cooks. Every Christmas we have tamales, beans, rice, and chili. She prepares for Christmas Eve about a week in advance. She buys all of the supplies she needs to make all of the wonderful food that she makes. The first things that she will make are biscochitos. My grandma always makes about fifteen dozen of these cookies. Then she will prepare the meat for the tamales, and the chili. Then on Christmas Eve morning she will start the huge pot of chili. She lets it cook all day until we return from mass in the evening. While my grandma is cooking my aunts and my mom are busy cleaning and making sure everyone is ready for the night. The men and all the kids are outside setting up luminarias. I cannot remember a Christmas without luminarias. I know that this is a tradition that my family has had for many years. My grandpa buys enough bags and candles to light up the entire city it seems like. It has always been something that I look forward to each Christmas. My cousins and I start folding bags in the morning. Then around one in the afternoon we all head outside to start filling the bags with dirt and candles. We all go o... Free Essays on Christmas Imagine walking through an average family’s Christmas celebration one might see, opening of presents around the Christmas tree, family dinner, engaging in friendly conversation. Some of the things you might smell fresh pine from the pine tree, the smell of peppermint from the candy canes dangling from the tree. In my family we tend to do everything a little different. While other families are having the traditional Christmas, my family has a tradition of its own to follow. The smell of freshly cooked pancakes, bacon and eggs and freshly squeezed orange juice tickles your nose hairs to wake up any that dares to sleep late on Christmas Eve. The breakfast table is set for a king. Plates full of pancakes, French toast, bacon, ham, eggs, coffee, tea, orange juice. With every bite just as savory as the last one might wish for this meal to never end. With every tasteful bite you can feel the juices running down the side of your mouth. Even though you’re full from the food you want to complete the meal. After the breakfast buffet is over the children with their filled little bellies sit around the television and watch cartoons. As the children are watching the morning cartoons my parents begin to set up the Christmas Eve present opening. Every Christmas each family member is able to open one gift. The gifts are usually not big gifts. These gifts are brought just for the purpose of being opened on Christmas Eve. After all of the gifts are opened my mother walks around with a big black plastic bag to collect all the wrapping paper. When the cleaning is finished believe it or not it is time for lunch. You would think after a big breakfast like that who would have room for another meal. Every meal is important from breakfast to dinner. So at lunch we have a family based discussion, generally the conversation ranges from school to life. Those that are young and old participate. Around this time is when the extended fam...

Evaluation of Information System Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Evaluation of Information System - Essay Example the invention of evaluation and the process of evaluation from which it follows any differentiation in terms of knowledge interests and evaluation process (Cronholm and Goldkuhl, 2003). Evaluating IS has become very important for the organisation because it helps in management structure functions and assessment of the internal operations (AIMTech, 2014). To evaluating IS, some consideration has to be put on the components of IS. This comprises of information which is being fed into the system, processing of the data fed in, output from the system and finally the simple IPO model at the base. With the evaluation of IS special concerned has to be on the effectiveness as well as the efficiency of the system, the quality of information being keyed in and the impacts of the information to the individual or an organization. As evaluations occur in stages, therefore, when and what stage to evaluate must be known. Whether is at the design stage, maturity or whole life (Anderson et al., 1993) . This essay will focus on compare and contrast the contemporary approaches of evaluating IS, identify the challenge and benefits, describe the internal and external factors and trends and advances in IT, and also the recommendation of organizations. The D&M model is an IS theory which tries to give a far-reaching understanding of IS accomplishment by distinguishing, depicting, and clarifying the connections among six of the most critical dimensions of success along which IS are commonly evaluated (Petter, 2008). Initial improvement of the theory was attempted by DeLone and McLean in 1992 and was further refined by the first creators after 10 years because of the input got from different researchers working in the region (DeLone and McLean, 2003). The D&M model has been referred to in a huge number of investigative papers, and is thought to be a standout among the most powerful hypotheses in contemporary IS research (Petter, 2008).

Understanding people in organisations Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Understanding people in organisations - Essay Example All these aspects are significant to ensure overall employee well-being (Lowe, 2012). Sears et al (2006) defined healthy workplace as an environment that enables an organisation to achieve its mission along with satisfying the needs of its employees. On the contrary, unhealthy workplace has unsupportive culture where employees do not enjoy the sense of participation, equity, success, empowerment, meaning, respect, safety, and autonomy (Sears et al., 2006). Unhealthy workplaces, according to the authors, represent dysfunctional organisations having communication gaps, unresolved conflicts, high turnover, and low employee morale. Appendix-I presents the characteristics of a healthy workplace as given by Sears et al (2006, p. 319). Emphasising on the importance of healthy and vibrant workplaces, Sears et al (2006) stated that such workplaces foster employee participation leading to mutual success. On the other hand, unhealthy workplaces are unsuccessful as they do not inspire employee dedication leading to job burnout, stress, absenteeism, and turnover; these outcomes of unhealthy workplaces are drastic and bring severe consequences and costs for the employers (Sears et al., 2006). Shukla (2008) defined organisational culture as the personality of an organisation that sets the unwritten norms and outlines the values shared among everyone within the organisation. Shukla (2008) explained that culture is not what the organisation has but what the organisation is. Organisational culture decides how people interact with each other, how they contribute, what are the shared norms and values, a formal and informal philosophy and the rules of the game. Organisational culture has a vital role in deciding if the workplace is healthy or unhealthy. The importance of organisational culture in deciding health of the workplace is evident from the fact that it is considered one of the major

Engineering And Construction Parking Demand Assignment

Engineering And Construction Parking Demand - Assignment Example The fulfillment of the desires of the clients is highly recommendable and forms the basis of the primary goal of this designer. A rectangular design enables provision of a well-defined design development will significantly increase the envisaged probability of creating parking areas that gratify this overriding goal. In the process of maximizing the parking zones, critical relevance is placed on the analysis of the presented need, physical requirements need analysis, aesthetics, and safety. From a detailed and comprehensive analysis of the facility or chapel, a transportation plan is highly considered in locating the parking for the vehicles that will be coming inside the compound. The highly detailed and elaborate outline of the parking lot creates an inventory of enhanced parking areas, free spaces, and their employment thus determining the adequacy and effectiveness of present configurations. The parking lot has the ability to amply contain several vehicles collectively for the at tendees of the chapel.The proper shape of parking zone design enables tackling of the poor location and even outlined or inherent deficiencies of chapel or visitors and even reserved parking areas or sections for employee parking. The side location and placement of the parking lot well creates ample times for car parkers to use the exact time and allow for easy turnover rates as it acts a remedy to Identification access difficulties and unfortunate pavement location and other outlined plant material stipulations.

Theories of Criminality, Aggression and Violence

Theories of Criminality, Aggression and Violence Criminal Psychology George C. Wall Crime will affect every one of us one way or another at some point in our life. We may not be the one who is victimized but it may be a family member or neighbor, but we are still affected in some way. Criminals have many reasons why they choose that lifestyle, whether it is a psychological defect or just a way to make it through life, they all have their reasons. If we can find the reason for the crime then we may be able to start combating it and help change those who commit crime. There are many factors that cause a person to choose the criminal lifestyle. There are psychological factors as well as social risk factors when it comes to crime and these factors have different effects on people. When we examine the various psychological risk factors we look at the cognitive and language deficiencies, the individual’s intelligence, conditions such as attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), conduct disorder and oppositional defiant disorder (Bartol Bartol, 2014, Pg. 45). These psychological issues can affect the way a person learns proper behavior and affects the way they assimilate into society. The way a person learns and interprets what they are taught can make a difference in the way they behave. â€Å"Cognitive and language impairments increase the risk of antisocial behavior, at least in boys† (Bartol Bartol, 2014, Pg. 47). Antisocial behavior is a key item when it comes to the choice to violate the norms of society and the choice to become a criminal. These impairments can also lead a person to have a lower intelligence level. It is believed that if a person has a low intelligence level then they may be more apt to commit crime, due to their failures in school and these failures can lead to delinquency (Bartol Bartol, 2014, Pg. 47). Let us take a moment to look at how conditions such as attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, conduct disorder and oppositional defiant disorder apply to criminal psychology. ADHD has three key behaviors, inattention, impulsivity and excessive motor control (Bartol Bartol, 2014, Pg. 50). ADHD can contribute to criminal behavior, â€Å"some researchers estimate that about one-fourth of all children with ADHD engage in serious antisocial behavior during childhood and adolescence and criminal behavior as adults (Bartol Bartol, 2014, Pg. 51). Another serious condition is called conduct disorder, which is â€Å"characterized by persistent misbehavior† (Bartol Bartol, 2014, Pg. 52). This misbehavior can lead a person to take on the criminal lifestyle without looking back. The final condition we will look at is oppositional defiant disorder, which is a child who is â€Å"negative, hostile, and defiant, more than is expected for his or her age, and lasting for at least six mon ths† (Bartol Bartol, 2014, Pg. 54). As with many psychological diagnoses, you can have a person who suffers from any combination of disorders. We have now examined the psychological factors in criminal psychology; now let us look at the social factors. The social factors include issues such as poverty, peer rejection, poor preschool child care, school failure, association with antisocial peers and the lack of proper after school care (Bartol Bartol, 2014, Pgs. 31-37). The various social factors can be present in any level of society from the wealthy to the poor. When we talk about those who live in poverty it is important to recognize that â€Å"the great majority of poor children and adults are law-abiding citizens† (Bartol Bartol, 2014, Pg 33). There is some connection between poverty and crime but it is not always the case, â€Å"while people in poverty might commit crimes of desperation, white-collar criminals often commit crimes of opportunity† (Vogel, 2008). Early peer rejection is a social factor that can cause a normally happy and compliant child to turn into a hostile antisocial child. â€Å"One of the strongest predictors of later involvement in antisocial behavior is early rejection by peers† (Bartol Bartol, 2014, Pg. 33). When a child is rejected by their peers they must fulfill that need for acceptance somewhere, they tend to find each other and only interact with each other. â€Å"During the adolescent years, involvement with antisocial peers shows a robust and consistent relationship to delinquency, drug use, and a range of other problematic behaviors† (Bartol Bartol, 2014, Pg. 34). Poor preschool care and the lack of proper after school care can also contribute to antisocial and criminal behavior. Preschool is often a child’s first lengthy interactions they have outside of their immediate family. Preschool is also where they begin to develop their social, language and learning skills. â€Å"Poor-quality child care has been reported to put children’s development at risk for poorer language, poor cognitive development, and lower ratings of social and emotional adjustment† (Bartol Bartol, 2014, Pg. 36). This poor development goes hand in hand with the psychological issues of inadequate cognitive and language development. Proper after school care can also help prevent antisocial behavior. It is believed that children who are by themselves for large amounts of time after school tend to develop behavior problems (Bartol Bartol, 2014, Pg. 37). Organizations within the community can make a difference in a child’s life, â€Å"day-care cent ers that open their doors to children after school hours or community groups that offer after-school programs in troubled neighborhoods can make a positive difference† (Bartol Bartol, 2014, Pg. 37). School failure also plays a role in the development of antisocial and criminal behavior. Again, we can see where school failure can affect the cognitive and language development of an individual. â€Å"School failure eventually affects the community through higher rates of crime†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (Poole, 1997). In today’s world the lack of education limits a person on what jobs they can perform and who will hire them. This lack of employment can cause a person that normally would obey the law to become a criminal just to survive. In trying to understand the mind of a criminal we must consider all factors that created the person we are studying. These risk factors, rather they are psychological or social play a role in the development of antisocial and criminal behavior. In addition to risk factors we must also study human aggression and violence. These risk factors will affect how a person handles aggression and violence since the way they develop coping methods can be affected by the way they learn to be a part of society. There are many theories on aggression and violence in humans. Some scientists believe that â€Å"humans are born aggressive and naturally violent, or born relatively free of aggressive tendencies† (Bartol Bartol, 2014, Pg. 111). The human being is able to develop the ability to control the aggression and violence through various learning methods. When the negative psychological and social issues develop we are unable to develop the proper methods to control ourselves. There have been many different theories and models developed over the years addressing aggression. The psychodynamic viewpoint assumes â€Å"that humans, by their very nature, will always be prone to aggressive impulses and hence are likely to commit violent acts if these impulses are not appropriately managed or held in check† (Bartol Bartol, 2014, Pg. 112). In addition to the psychodynamic viewpoint you have the ethological viewpoint, which is â€Å"the study of animal behavior in relation to the animal’s natural habitat, and it compares that behavior to human behavior† (Bartol Bartol, 2014, Pg. 112). In addition to these viewpoints there are various models associated with aggression and violence. The Cognitive-Neoassociation Model that thoughts and memories that are created through our early years are associated with aggression (Bartol Bartol, 2014, Pg. 115-116). There is also the Excitation Transfer Theory, which is a â€Å"theory to explain how physiological arousal can generalize from one situation to another† (Bartol Bartol, 2014, Pg. 116). This theory purposes that a person can be subjected to a negative event and because of that event they carry that anger or frustration to another event. Additionally, there is the Displaced Aggression Theory, â€Å"aggression is displaced when the target is innocent of any wrongdoing but is simply in the wrong place at the wrong time† (Bartol Bartol, 2014, Pg. 116). An example of this would be where a husband is angry at their wife and someone accidently bumps in to him and in turn they are assaulted. It is difficult to address all the theories to every incident, but we must keep every possibility in our minds when we are evaluating the cause of the aggression or violent act. We have theories to follow as well as some cognitive models of aggression. These models â€Å"have hypothesized that, while observational learning is important in the process, the individual’s cognitive learning is important in the process† (Bartol Bartol, 2014, Pg. 122). The two models we will look at are the cognitive scripts model and the hostile attribution model. These models examine human behavior and the tendency to be aggressive and violent. The cognitive scripts model believes that â€Å"social behavior in general, and aggressive behavior in particular, is controlled largely by cognitive scripts learned and memorized through daily experiences† (Bartol Bartol, 2014, Pg. 122). This model states that behaviors and the responses a person has is based on what we all go through in life, our ups and downs. The hostile attribution model believes that people who are violent and aggressive often â€Å"interpret ambiguous actions as hostile and threatening† (Bartol Bartol, 2014, Pg. 123). These individuals may take a simple shoulder bump as an aggressive action and may become aggressive or violent towards the person. Exposure to violence in mass media has also been attributed to violent and aggressive behavior. Studies suggest that people, who play violent video games, watch violent movies or television shows may be more prone to aggressive and violent behavior (Bartol Bartol, 2014, Pg. 131). These theories are often debated within the psychological community itself. There are different theories and approaches to aggressive and violent behavior. There are psychological and social factors that come into play as well. There are some environmental factors can lead to a person to make bad choices in life. Complications during birth, prenatal exposure to nicotine, alcohol and drugs, faulty brain development, and exposure to toxins can all lead to antisocial and criminal behavior (Bartol Bartol, 2014, Pgs. 69-73). Exposure to these environmental factors can cause the fetus to develop improperly, which can lead to antisocial behavior (Bartol Bartol, 2014, Pg. 69). The criminal mind is a difficult thing to understand. They each have their own reasons for committing crime and even though there are risk factors that can attribute to the choices that an individual may make. Along with all the theories, models and viewpoints we cannot ignore the person that commits the crime, while one of these may apply the end result is that crime was committed and a victim was created. References Bartol, C., Bartol, A. (2014).Criminal behavior a psychological approach. (10th ed.). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson Education, Inc. Poole, D. L. (1997). The SAFE project: Community-driven partnerships in health, mental health, and education to prevent early school failure. Health Social Work, 22(4), 282-9. Retrieved from http://search.proquest.com/docview/210556291?accountid=159007 Vogel, S. (2008, Aug 24). Does poverty = crime? scholars disagree. McClatchy Tribune Business News. Retrieved February 16, 2014, from http://search.proquest.com/docview/464394103?accountid=159007

Competitive Intelligence Essay -- essays research papers fc

Competitive Intelligence   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  It takes a simple mind to run a simple machine, but a shrewd mind is needed to run an organization, association, or business. Business intelligence has become a big principle in industries throughout the years. â€Å"During the second half of the 20th century, the United States and Canada, Western Europe, as well as Japan and a number of other countries, have evolved from primarily manufacturing-based economies to more information-based societies† (Kara). A business needs to have a mission to be successful. To help accomplish missions for businesses, business intelligence is utilized. To run a productive organization effectively and efficiently, certain things need to be accomplished. To start the process of applying business intelligence, as many possible sources of information must be gathered. After the information has been collected, it must be sorted into different categories. These categories are either valuable or non-valuable information, otherwise known as intelligence. Since the intelligence is derived by businesses for businesses, it is considered business intelligence. Business intelligence has a direct effect on how well its organization does in the marketplace. This intelligence is used to identify forewarnings of disasters as well as opportunities that may occur. After the intelligence needs have been identified for a business, the information is then collected by an all source fusion. After analyzing the data that has been collected, it can be determined which information can be used, and what can be discarded. The results are then passed to the bosses of an organization, who in turn, make a decision. This completes the four-phased intelligence cyc le. After you establish your business goals, various techniques are used to attain and surpass the organization’s goals. One technique is through competitive intelligence. Competitive intelligence can be considered a subsidiary of business intelligence. The purpose for competitive intelligence is to keep businesses on the cutting edge, abreast of their competitors, ahead in the global markets, and to establish better quality products and services. Competitive intelligence can be defined as â€Å"A formalized, yet continuously evolving process by which the management team assesses the evolution of its industry and the capabilities and behavior of ... ...ded and comprehend it differently, depending on the needs of their businesses. â€Å"Never equate paper with competitive intelligence. Unfortunately, many managers think that by spending countless hours on computer-generated slides, charts and graphs, and footnoted reports, they have delivered intelligence. All they have managed to do is to slow down the delivery of critical intelligence† (Fuld). Due to time constraints, limitations of resources, financial constraints, manpower issues, enormous amounts of data, and the expertise of analysts, competitive intelligence needs to be determined by relevance. Many illegitimate sources are disguised as truths, or facts. These illegitimate sources, along with rumors, are difficult to control and can be used as deception intelligence. There is not a single method of intelligence that can be considered better than another as a general rule. Even though, competitive intelligence can help your business during a recession, it is not a cure all medicine. Works Cited 1. (http://www.brint.com/papers/ciover.htm) 2. (http://www.fuld.com/whatCI.html) 3. Kara, Dan â€Å"The New Face of Business Intelligence.† Software Magazine, November 2000

Reverend Parris Character Analysis; Practice What You Preach

Reverend Samuel Parris was a selfish, power-hungry, and greedy man. Parris believed that everyone was beneath him and that they all owed him something in some way. When the Salem Witch Trials began Reverend Parris believed the girls rather than listen to Rebecca Nurse, who says, â€Å"I think She’ll (Betty Parris) wake when she tires of it. † Referring to the fact that Betty was faking her bewitched sleep, to save his name and title. Even Arthur Miller claims that there was little good to be said about Reverend Parris.Arthur Miller says at the beginning of act one, â€Å"†¦ He (Parris) believed he was being persecuted wherever he went, despite his best efforts to win people and God to his side. In meetings, he felt insulted if someone rose to shut the door without first asking his permission. † As if he believed just deserved the respect of the people. Reverend Samuel Parris just believes that what he does immediately gives him power and that makes him blind to the truth.The way Arthur Miller wrote about Reverend Parris turned him into an ungodly and power-hungry man. During the play Parris goes from being worried about his daughter to arguing with Giles Corry about his firewood and how he deserves to get it for free even with his sixty pounds a year that he gets paid plus the six he gets for firewood. â€Å"The salary is sixty-six pounds, Mr. Proctor! I’m not some preaching farmer with a book under my arm. † Says Mr. Parris, only proving my point on how much power he believes he has or deserves.Arthur Miller even says in the beginning of act one how â€Å"very little good can be said about Reverend Samuel Parris. † He makes Parris out to be a dictator as well as a selfish man. Arthur Miller, again says in the first few paragraphs of act one, says, â€Å"He (Reverend Parris) believed he was being persecuted wherever he went, despite his best efforts to win people and god on his side. In meetings, he feels insulted if someone rose to shut the door without first asking his permission. †Showing how Mr.  Parris believed he was being persecuted wherever he went, despite his best effort to win people and God at his side. In meetings, he felt insulted if someone rose to shut the door without first asking his permission. † Showing how Mr. Parris believed he deserved that respect. Arthur Miller must have had some grudge against Reverend Parris for how he made him out to be; nevertheless this is what he was. Reverend Samuel Parris believed himself (something of a king or high authority) above everyone else in Sale. As I read I saw how selfish Reverend Parris was.For example, during the first act, and I’ve mentioned this before, Reverend Parris got into an argument with Giles Corry about how since he was the Minister of Salem that he should get his firewood for free and that sixty-six pounds a year was barely enough to live on. To that Giles said,†You are allowed six pounds a year to buy your firewood Mr. Parris. † Which Parris then turned into an argument on how when he worked in Barbados for more than he was working for now, and how they were lucky to have him at such a â€Å"low† salary.All of this arguing about wood was going on Right after everyone being worried about Parris’s daughter, Betty, who was believed to be under a spell. But I digress Mr. Parris was believing his fantasy that he was a good preacher and that everyone should respect him for that. Another thing I noticed, later in the play, was how much he cared about his reputation. He was all too eager to assume witchcraft and call on Reverend Hale, for me to believe he was worried about Betty.In the play, other people saw Reverend Parris in much the same way, selfish and greedy. John Proctor gave the biggest example, when he was talking to hale in act 2, after Hale told him, â€Å"Mr. Proctor, your house is not a church; your theology must tell you that. † John Proctor said, â€Å"It does sir; and it tells me that a minister may pray to god without he have golden candlesticks upon his alter. † He then went on to explain how Parris had preached about nothing but golden candlesticks until he got them, yet another example of Reverend Parris’s greed.As for selfishness, this one is obvious, first, his thought that he should get free firewood, and then not long after that one he says, â€Å"Man! Don’t a minister deserve a house to live in? † for not long before the play he had requested, â€Å"demanded† is how Giles Corry would put it, the deed to the house he was given for being the minister. And Proctor despises Reverend Parris’s Sermons for the fact that they always end up more about Hell than Heaven, he even says at one point, â€Å"Can you speak one minute without we land in Hell again?I’m sick of hell! † Reverend Parris’s actions prove everything other people in the town think. He is selfish, greedy, and power-hungry. The time he wanted golden candlesticks, he preached about them until they were given to him. When he realized that Betty was ill, rather than find a doctor, he immediately believed, and acted upon this belief that she was under a spell. He then proceeded to force Abigail, his niece, to tell him who forced them to do what they did in the forest despite her telling him that all they did was dance.The incident with the firewood and the house deed continues to show how very greedy and selfish Reverend Parris is. Even at the beginning of the play it shows how he would rather let the sin that all the girls committed go, than risk causing his house to be seen as part of said sin. This later leads to the Salem Witch Trials, because of his forcing the girls to tell him who forced them to do something that they did of their own accord. Parris was supposed to be a trusting and Godly man; his actions throughout the play don not depict him as such.Revere nd Samuel Parris was a selfish and greedy man hungry for as much power as he can get, who was blind to what was going on around him. His belief was that everyone in Salem owed him something, golden candlesticks, firewood, the deed to his house, which was in truth the house to the minister of Salem until he leaves that office, etc. showing his selfishness and greediness. During the introduction into the first act even Arthur miller says that Parris had very little good about him. My overall point to this is this, Practice what you preach, which as obviously seen, Mr. Paris failed.

Quotes From The Handmaids Tale

Quotes From The Handmaids Tale The Handmaids Tale is a best-selling novel by Margaret Atwood set in a feminist dystopian future in which war and pollution have made pregnancy and childbirth increasingly difficult and women are enslaved as prostitutes  or virginal concubines - handmaiden - in an effort to repopulate and control the population. Atwoods beautiful, haunting prose in The Handmaids Tale is told from the first person perspective of a woman called Offred (or Of Fred, her master). The story follows Offred through her third service as a handmaiden and also offers flashbacks to her life before the Revolution that led to this new American society founded on religious fanaticism. Blessed be the fruit, Atwood writes in Chapter Four, an indoctrination for the handmaidens who have to go through intense training for their servitude before being assigned to a master whose child she will bear. Read on to discover more quotes from this famous novel and learn more about the not-too-distant-or-improbable future of Margaret Atwoods The Handmaids Tale, which is also an acclaimed television series. Quotes About Hope In Dystopia The character of Offred carries with her a certain quiet optimism that her daughter, who was taken from her when she tried to flee to Canada with her husband at the start of the revolution, is still alive, though this hope is diminished by the harsh conditions she lives under as a handmaiden, as described in Chapter 5: There is more than one kind of freedom ... Freedom to and freedom from. In the days of anarchy, it was freedom to. Now you are being given freedom from. Dont underrate it. Of her daughter, Offred says, also in Chapter 5, She is a flag on a hilltop, showing what can still be done: we too can be saved. Here, the character reveals her hope hinges upon the fact that her daughter has still not turned up on the wall where the ruling class hangs sinners near where Offred is held. Still, this optimism and hope is nothing in the face of the reality Offred finds herself in, and she admits in Chapter 7 that shes pretending the reader can hear her, But its no good because I know you cant. The Other Handmaidens Offred seems to have contempt for her fellow handmaidens, perhaps for their complacency or their simplistic view of the world: They are very interested in how other households are run; such bits of petty gossip give them an opportunity for pride or discontent. Still, Offred shared similarities with all other handmaidens in that they were the people who were not in the papers, the ones who lived in the blank white spaces at the edge of print, which Offred said gave them more freedom. All of them also undergo an indoctrination, a brainwashing ritual at the Academy where they train to be handmaidens. In Chapter 13, Offred describes a scene where the handmaidens are all seated in a circle around a woman confessing to being raped - Her fault, her fault, her fault, we chant in unison, Atwood writes. The woman training them, Aunt Lydia, also encourages all the handmaidens that though the new concepts introduced in their schooling may seem strange at first, they will eventually become mundane, but if not, the handmaidens would be punished for stepping out of line like one woman Offred describes in Chapter 8: She doesnt make speeches anymore. She has become speechless. She stays in her home, but it doesnt seem to agree with her. How furious she must be now that she has been taken at her word.   Offred feels a pressure to fulfill these new standards despite herself, and in Chapter 13 says of her shortcomings, I have failed once again to fulfill the expectations of others, which have become my own. In Chapter 30 Offred says of her oppressors, That was one of the things they do. They force you to kill, within yourself, and ultimately in Chapter 32, she realizes an important lesson when her master Fred tells her,  Better never means better for everyone... It always means worse for some.   Various Other Quotes I dont want to look at something that determines me so completely. (Chapter 12)Give me children, or else I die. Am I in Gods stead, who hath withheld from thee the fruit of the womb? Behold my maid Bilhah. She shall bear fruit upon my knees, that I may also have children by her.(Chapter 15)Moira had power now, shed been set loose, shed set herself loose. She was now a loose woman. (Chapter 22)Maybe none of this is about control. Maybe it isnt really about who can own whom, who can do what to whom and get away with it, even as far as death. Maybe it isnt about who can sit and who has to kneel or stand or lie down, legs spread open. Maybe its about who can do what to whom and be forgiven for it. Never tell me it amounts to the same thing. (Chapter 23)There is something subversive about this garden of Serenas, a sense of buried things bursting upwards, wordlessly, into the light, as if to say: Whatever is silenced will clamor to be heard, though silently. (Chapter 25)Agreed to it right away, really she didnt care, anything with two legs and a good you-know-what was fine with her. They arent squeamish, they dont have the same feelings we do. (Chapter 33) And Adam was not deceived, but the women being deceived was in the transgression. Notwithstanding she shall be saved by childbearing. (Chapter 34)There is something reassuring about the toilets. Bodily functions at least remain democratic. Everybody shits, as Moira would say. (Chapter 39)The trouble is I cant be, with him, any different than I usually am with him. Usually, I am inert. Surely there must be something for us, other than this futility and bathos. (Chapter 39)It makes me feel more in control as if there is a choice, a decision that could be made one way or the other. (Chapter 41)The crimes of others are a secret language among us. Through them, we show ourselves what we might be capable of, after all. This is not a popular announcement. (Chapter 42)Dear God, I think, I will do anything you like. Now that youve let me off, Ill obliterate myself, if that is what you really want; Ill empty myself, truly, become a chalice. Ill give up Nick, Ill forget about the others, Ill st op complaining. Ill accept my lot. Ill sacrifice. Ill repent. Ill abdicate. Ill renounce. (Chapter 45) Dont let the bastards grind you down. I repeat this to myself but it conveys nothing. You might as well say, Dont let there be air; or Dont be. I suppose you could say that. (Chapter 46)

Gwen Harwood- Father and Child Essay Example

Gwen Harwood Gwen Harwood- Father and Child Essay Gwen Harwood- Father and Child Essay Gwen Harwood- Father and Child The ability of a text to be universally accepted in a range of contexts ultimately determines its textual integrity and appreciation. Gwen Harwood’s work draws from the inspiration of her context, her lifelong influences, primarily music, her childhood and religious beliefs. This can be identified through study of Gwen Harwoods poem, Father and Child that is able to be appreciated in a multitude of different contexts due to its universality and textual integrity. Gwen Harwood’s coherent use of form and language to produce an integrated whole in terms of meaning and value affirm the textual integrity of her work â€Å"Father and Child†. The poem delicately integrates a host of re-iterated universal motifs to produce the poem as a collective whole and confirms Gwen Harwood’s ability to transcend time in her poetry so that it can be accepted in a great deal of contexts. Perhaps the pivotal idea presented in the poem is time. Harwood has clearly articulated the concern for time passing by, and the loss of innocence that comes as a child gains experience, also reflecting the trademark interwoven Romantic style of her poetry. The structure of the poem further delves into this idea of the concern for time. The two symmetrical linked poems place emphasis on how time has moved on and separate childhood from adulthood. The constant use of enjambments reflect the passing of time and the ambiguity of where time disappears to in our vast existence. : Harwood’s use of structure and language affirm her ability to transcend time throughout her work, further enhancing its capability to be accepted in different contexts and upholding its textual integrity. A prominent aspect of the poem is the amalgamation of religions and biblical allusions ranging through multiple belief systems. Harwood’s integrated insinuations â€Å"horny fiend†, â€Å"times long promised land† that relate both to the Christian and Jewish religions, present all responders the opportunity to find their own personal interpretation and acceptance in her work. It is through her constant allowance of subjective understanding such as the religious undertones that the capacity of Gwen Harwood’s work continues to be appreciated in different contexts. This notion is additionally developed through the profundity of the inter-textual relationship of Shakespeare’s ‘King Lear’. There is a lateral connection between Harwoods Father and Child, and William Shakespeares King Lear that can be appreciated through the inclusion of direct quotes such as â€Å"be your tears wet†. The ambiguity of the gender of the child is another important aspect of Harwood’s work that is linked to King Lear. It is through the extended allusions that the responder can fully understand the connection of the poem to the play and the link between the father/daughter relationship in both compositions. Through this integration it is evident that Harwood’s work can be appreciated in a multitude of contexts through its unified whole that maintains its textual integrity. Harwood develops a distinct motif of eyes and blindness echoed repeatedly through the story told in the poem. The repetition of the imagery of eyes is used to emphasise the importance of sight that becomes significant as the owl is unable to see in the day time. â€Å"Those eyes that did not see mirror my cruelty†. This powerful imagery used by Harwood exemplify how the child can see herself reflected in the dying eyes of the owl and expresses how the poem reveals the magic and consequences of childish acts and how experiences and discoveries during childhood delicately reshape the mind and character of a person, which can be noted through the change in Nightfall. The reflection she is mirrored by articulates her loss of innocence occasioned through this experience. The universal notion in the poem and a trait of Harwood’s work is the inclusion of music and musical allusions. Through music Harwood finds herself able to express what she cannot through plain words. The reference to a violin in the poem â€Å"you speak as if air touched a string near breaking point† is important in creating the idea of a dichotomous relationship between individuals, specifically herself and music. Harwood once again has successfully unified a universal motif to make her work able to be accepted in different contexts with different responders. As the character comes to accept the passing of time and how it in inevitable despite the authors ability to transcend it, the responder comes to understand the true delicacy of the story, how Harwood comes to terms with not only the passing of time but of her father and how he cannot make things right for her as he use to when she was a child. It is through this realisation that we can truly understand the essence of Harwood’s work and become aware how the textual integrity of her poetry remains definitive through time. The universal motifs mentioned above create a sense of ubiquity that provides the responder the opportunity to find an acceptable interpretation of her work

The Accounting Function in Bank Audi Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

The Accounting Function in Bank Audi - Essay Example This helps them to communicate effectively and it makes the employees feel they are on the page. This approach generated loyalty and challenged the employees to make the business a success. Each employee should be offered stock options and given a portion of the profits as an incentive to keep working toward higher customer satisfaction. Motivation and communication are additional ways the CEO could create happy employees. Challenging employees allows him or her to be creative and generate new ideas or product lines that will increase sales and or customer satisfaction. Listening to employees opinions is vital to success. The people who work the frontline of any business will have ideas on how to better the processes. Some companies used an approach uncommon to most CEO's; walking around the store to meet and greet the associates and customers. This approach allowed the consumers the opportunity to tell him how well he or she liked the store and offer suggestions for change. The asso ciates liked this approach because it made him an approachable CEO who was willing to listen to employees and customers. In this report, it is apparent that the company should use strategic planning in order to deal with the issues since it determines the overall direction and goals of the organization. Consequently, strategic planning influences numerous aspects of the organization, including what, In strategic planning, a) Products and services will be provided by the business and how those products and services will be designed b) Organizational design and roles are needed by the organization. c) Performance goals are established for positions throughout the business. d) Board committees should be developed (in the case of corporations. e) Resources are needed to reach those goals, and consequently, how much money is needed to procure those resources -- ultimately, the goals determine the content of various budgets ("Develop strategic plan" 2007). Competition from similar products, changing technology and increasing costs all play their part in putting pressure on firms to keep rethinking and expan ding. Mergers are more and more frequent and many businesses have expanded to become global organizations. But if growth is sometimes the only option it is also very often a risky one. Expansion demands investment of time, money and people and has to be carefully managed to bring the desired returns. Though there is a way to increase the odds of success: simple and effective communication in all directions. Gap Inc. is a leading international specialty retailer offering clothing, accessories and personal care products for men, women, children and babies under the Gap, Banana Republic, Old Navy and Piperlime brand names. Gap brand includes Gap, GapKids, babyGap and gapbody. The company also operates Gap Outlet and Banana Republic Factory Outlet stores. Our world headquarters offices are based in the San Francisco Bay Area and our product design offices are located primarily in New York City, San Francisco and London. We also have offices around the globe to support our store management, distribution and product manufacturing operations (Gap Inc) HistoryAt the heart of Gap's growth is the unique culture that has

Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words - 1

Term Paper Example As such, women, people with disabilities, people of color as well as people who are older face a many impediments to their full and active participation in the labor force of this country (see Heilman et al, 2002). The following research paper aims to explore discrimination with an eye to how this form of discrimination affects certain types of people, both within the wider society as well as within the labor market. What influences discrimination in the twenty-first century? How has society attempted to protect people from discrimination? These questions and many more will be discussed with reference to discrimination today. This is a timely and topical issue which warrants more extensive scrutiny. We now begin with an overview of the key integral for this research paper, including discrimination, prejudice and social bias. The United States has undergone quite substantial changes within the past century the country is much more diverse than it ever was. Immigration and the growth of globalization have altered the social composition of the United States of America. Today, there is a much larger percentage of people of color and visible minorities within key social institutions including government office – President Barack Obama is perhaps the most obvious example today. There is also increased the representation of visible minorities across the country in all aspects of public life – including in the police services and the education sectors, just to name a few. Changing worldwide immigration patterns have led to an increased flow of people from around the world to the United States, facilitating intercultural communication. American society has quickly become far less homogenous and cultural institutions are beginning to reflect this. Unfortunately with the changing social landscape of the United States and the changing nature of this country, the multicultural setting may lead to a rise

Developing Tyrrells Potato Chips Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Developing Tyrrells Potato Chips - Essay Example For this purpose it may resort to more advertising, other promotions, offering discounts and better customer service. It can also try to compete by making its operations more efficient and thus bring down its costs. Alternatively, it can try to increase its economies of scale by more investment. Sometimes existing market may become so saturated or uneconomical that companies may enter new markets with existing products. Such a strategy falls under the category of market development. The obvious example is the entry of multinational companies into new markets with existing products they were selling in the home country or other markets. This entry could help the company to transfer loyalties of customers to buy its own products. This is very effective if the product is a well-known brand in the world and is being made available for the first time or in large quantities. If a new product is manufactured by a company and it tries to sell it in the same market it operates, then it is classified under product development. The company is confident that its new product will be attractive in the existing market itself. Companies try to market the new product to existing customers or even get new customers to buy them. The product could be completely new or can be used as accessories or add-ons to its existing products. â€Å"Sell new products or services in current markets. These strategies often try to sell other products to (regular) clients. These can be accessories, add-ons, or completely new products. Cross Selling. Often, existing communication channels are used.† (Product/Market Grid (Ansoff) 2008). Product diversification is an instance where a company develops or acquires a new product and market in an entirely new place. There are four ways of diversification that can be used by a company.

Observation of a Toddler (Lifespan) Essay Example for Free

Observation of a Toddler (Lifespan) Essay Abstract I observed Harper, a 23 month old little girl that is full of energy. Also participating in the interaction with Harper was her mother and five year old sister, Mya. Harper is very friendly and outgoing. She is very interested â€Å"reading books† and loves to be read to. She enjoys helping her mother clean and do simple tasks. She seems to be very confident with and without her mother in her sight. Harper’s father is not actively involved in her life because he lives in another state. Observation of a Toddler 1. Harper is a 23 month old little girl. She is 34 inches tall and weighs approximately 27 pounds. She has blonde hair and blue eyes and a very pretty smile. 2. Harper’s gross motor skills are normative. She is able to walk, squat and run with ease. She can go up and down stairs one at a time all by herself and according to her mother she is â€Å"reasonably bowel trained† although she has nighttime accidents. Harper’s fine motor skills are also normative. She can throw a ball overhand, handle a spoon well, turns pages in her book and washes her hands. The skills Harper has are normative because they are in sync with other toddlers her age. Our book states â€Å"By 18-24 months, toddlers can walk quickly or run stiffly for short distance, walk backward without losing their balance, stand and kick a ball without falling, stand and throw a ball and jump in place†(Santrock, 2011, p. 129). a. Harper ZPD was in the upper limit. She had to be told to pull down her pants when she went to potty; but didn’t need to be told to wipe and pull her pants up. Her mother scaffolded by telling her what to do initially and letting her figure the rest out for herself. 3. Harper has mastered five substages. She is currently in Piaget’s sixth substage of sensorimotor development, Internalization of schemes. She loves to play with her kitchen and pretends to do dishes. She has learned this from watching her mother. She also engages in imaginative play with her sister. 4. Harper is very vocal and expresses herself very well. She has trouble with the L phenome and pronounces the letter L as a W. Example: She says wap instead of lap. She likes to listen to stories and responds with â€Å"what’s that?† and â€Å"Why†. She uses syntax. She understands the meaning of most words. Example: Her mother said â€Å"do you love mommy† and Haper replied â€Å"yes† the mother asked â€Å"how much† and Harper replied â€Å"sixty dollars†. 5. Harper had an easy temperament. She was very happy and easy to please. She was also easily redirected when her sister took her toy. 6. Harper was gender type was supported because she loves to wear dresses, play with dolls, loves the color pink, and loves princesses. While Harper is quite the girly girl she also likes to get dirty and kick the ball with her neighbor. 7. I would describe Harper as a securely attached child. When her mother left to run to the store to give me some alone time with her she seemed a little scared and wanted to go with her mother. Her mother was gone for approximately 15 minutes and Harper was fine after her mother was out of sight and didn’t seem to notice much when her mother returned. She continued to play with her toys and barely looked up. 8. When Harper hit her sister Harper’s mother used negative punishment to discipline her. She made her sit in a time out for two minutes and she was unable to play with her sister or her toys. She was also told if she hit her sister again she would have to go to bed immediately and would not be able to play with her sister for the rest of the night. Harper’s mother also used positive punishment by telling Harper that only mean girls hit and that she was being bad. At first, Harper responded by crying. However, she displayed compliance by sitting her in time out chair by herself and staying there until her mother told her that is was okay for her to get up. This combination of negative and positive punishment seemed to work as there no more episodes of bad behavior during my observation. 9. Harper is currently in the stage of Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt. In this stage â€Å"The child is developing physically and becoming more mobile. Between the ages of one and three, children begin to assert their independence, by walking away from their mother, picking which toy to play with, and making choices about what they like to wear, to eat, etc†(McLeod, 2008, para. 4). Harper likes to pick out her own clothes and expresses that she likes dolls and the color pink and that she does not like to eat beans. She is on her way to achieving the virtue of will by expressing her likes and dislikes. Harper has mastered the previous stage of Trust vs. Mistrust and has achieved the virtue of hope. She is very comfortable with her surroundings and a very easy child. She does not appear to have a heightened anxiety or agitation even when her mother in out of her sight. She easily warms up to others and has a very sunny disposition. References McLeod, S. A. (2008). Psychosocial stages. Simply Psychology. Retrieved from http://www.simplypsychology.org/Erik-Erikson.html Santrock, J. W. (2011). Life-Span development (13th ed.). Ny, Ny: McGraw-Hill.

Why Must We Dream in Metaphors? :: Poetry Poem Poet Metaphor Papers

Why Must We Dream in Metaphors? The poet Willis Barnstone begins a poem with this line: "Why must I always see the death in things?" My poem would begin, "Why must I always see the metaphor in things?" If I have any intellectual strength it is in seeing connections between unlikely ideas, theories, and concepts. I sit in classes, in front of the television, in front of books and my brain constantly tries to see how what I donà ­t understand relates to, is like, compares to things I already know about. Part of the poetic process is to be on the lookout constantly for these metaphors, these comparisons between unlike things constantly, as (in a metaphorical sense) a mechanic might hear a car coming down the street and from the noise of the engine discern a kind of secret knowledge, an awareness, that is lost on other hearers. The strong arm of metaphor has led to statements like, "Thatà ­s why schema theory is a kind of Swiss army knife" or "using consultation is like deciding whether to fix your own transmission". Also: good teaching is very often about finding metaphors that give students another way of relating new material to what they have already more or less experienced. The other day I was trying to explain how I expected a paper to be structured, and I found myself saying, "Remember when you came home late from a date and you built an argument to show your parents that coming home late was a perfectly reasonable, even inevitable occurrence given the circumstances?" Even telling stories about my teaching is a kind of metaphor: that is, Ià ­m saying that my experience as a white male teaching in a small high school will be like the experience of my students. Lakoff and Johnson (1980) spend much of their book talking about where metaphors come from, how they function in conversation, what their tie to underlying social structures might be. However, I read the book hungrily looking for some information about why metaphors serve a purpose that nothing else seems to for me. Finally, near the end I found this statement: The reason we have focused so much on metaphor is that it unites reason and imagination. Reason, at the very least, involves categorization, entailment, and inference. Imagination, in one of its many aspects, involves seeing one kind of thing in terms of another kind of thing ­Ã‚ ­what we have called metaphorical thought. Why Must We Dream in Metaphors? :: Poetry Poem Poet Metaphor Papers Why Must We Dream in Metaphors? The poet Willis Barnstone begins a poem with this line: "Why must I always see the death in things?" My poem would begin, "Why must I always see the metaphor in things?" If I have any intellectual strength it is in seeing connections between unlikely ideas, theories, and concepts. I sit in classes, in front of the television, in front of books and my brain constantly tries to see how what I donà ­t understand relates to, is like, compares to things I already know about. Part of the poetic process is to be on the lookout constantly for these metaphors, these comparisons between unlike things constantly, as (in a metaphorical sense) a mechanic might hear a car coming down the street and from the noise of the engine discern a kind of secret knowledge, an awareness, that is lost on other hearers. The strong arm of metaphor has led to statements like, "Thatà ­s why schema theory is a kind of Swiss army knife" or "using consultation is like deciding whether to fix your own transmission". Also: good teaching is very often about finding metaphors that give students another way of relating new material to what they have already more or less experienced. The other day I was trying to explain how I expected a paper to be structured, and I found myself saying, "Remember when you came home late from a date and you built an argument to show your parents that coming home late was a perfectly reasonable, even inevitable occurrence given the circumstances?" Even telling stories about my teaching is a kind of metaphor: that is, Ià ­m saying that my experience as a white male teaching in a small high school will be like the experience of my students. Lakoff and Johnson (1980) spend much of their book talking about where metaphors come from, how they function in conversation, what their tie to underlying social structures might be. However, I read the book hungrily looking for some information about why metaphors serve a purpose that nothing else seems to for me. Finally, near the end I found this statement: The reason we have focused so much on metaphor is that it unites reason and imagination. Reason, at the very least, involves categorization, entailment, and inference. Imagination, in one of its many aspects, involves seeing one kind of thing in terms of another kind of thing ­Ã‚ ­what we have called metaphorical thought.